University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London edition 1985. 27. physiological function. Christy B, Nathans D. DNA binding site of the growth factor-inducible protein Zif268. Later research argues that dreams are physiological, beginning with random electrical impulses deep within the brain stem. The dream between neuroscience and psychoanalysis. Doneshka & Kehaiyov (1978) reported dreams with striking vestibular sensations. Reactivation of hippocampal ensemble memories during sleep. Our experience with eye movements in rats (30-32) and cats (33) shows, however, that eye movements are sometimes asymmetric but in other occasions they tend to be of the scanning kind. Green JD, Arduini A. Hippocampal activity in arousal. The meaning of dreams is therefore still an unsolved problem. Penile erection, that also occurs in monkeys, is present during desynchronized (paradoxical or REMsleep) but it is not necessarily linked to erotic dreams. Sleep patterns during rearing under different environmental conditions in juveline rats. It should be recalled here that, comparing the dream content in humans with events of the previous day, Calkins found in 1876 that nearly 89% of the reported dreams were closely related to such events. Decety J, Jeannerod M, Durozard DR, Baveal J. Soja PJ, Lopez-Rodriguez F, Morales FR, Chase MH. In ancient Greece, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle discussed about the meaning of dreams, concluding that the prevailing mistic and mythic concepts about them were incorrect. Neurosc Biobehav Rev 1992;16:372-97. C R S Soc Biol 1978;172:9-21. Vogel GW, Foulkes D, Trosman H. Ego functions and dreaming during sleep onset. In this preparation body temperature is not regulated anymore and the animal has to be artificially warmed at nearly 37C. However, reflex penile erection is facilitated after spinal transection whereas mesencephalic transections significantly increase the latency to its reflex induction, without affecting the percentage of tests eliciting an erectile event. 24. Exploring the neural correlates of dream phenomenology and altered states of consciousness during sleep. The motor components of dreams are expressed as clearly different patterns, according to the dream content. In addition, blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery decreases during synchronized sleep whereas in desynchronized sleep it is similar to that occurring in waking (133). Solms M. Dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms. Europ J Neurosci 1994;6:1298-1306. Nature 1989;304:111-4. 79. 21. 39. J Neurophysiol 1954;17:532-57. Predicting Intention to Participate in Community Physical Activities for Adults with Physical Disabilities. Brain Res 1979;176:233-54. Ribeiro S, Goyal V, Mello CV, Pavlides C. Brain gene expression during REM sleep depends on prior waking experience. Energy conservation theory posits that the main function of sleep is to reduce a person's energy demand during part of the day and night when it is least efficient to hunt for food. In the past, most civilizations boasted having wise people who could tell the meaning of dreams if conveniently paid for that, a fancy profession that still has its counterparts in modern nations. Erlbaum 1992. Inasmuch as dreaming seems to occur in most birds and mammals, it is unlikely that it has no function in the animal organism. Milbrandt J. 61. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help 5. World Fed Sleep Res Soc Newsletter 1997;5:22-3. An analysis of the supraspinal influences acting on motoneurons during sleep in the unrestrained cat. (eds.) It is usually taken for granted that PGO potentials are essential manifestations for the electrophysiological identification of dreaming activity but such view is not well founded. Since evoking visual reminiscences during wakefulness and the building up of dreams with visual information are dependent on the visual cortex, both facts can be correlated. Expt Neurol 1976;53:328-38. 2017 May 31;2017(1):nix009. Physiol., Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1972:166-307. By recording potentials from large ensembles of rat hippocampal neurons related to the body position in space (place cells) during behavioral tasks, Wilson & McNaughton (87) found that neurons that fired together when the animals occupied particular locations in the environment (hence the name place cells) also exhibited an increased tendency to fire together during subsequent sleep, in comparison to sleep episodes preceding the behavioral tasks. eCollection 2019. Brain Res 2002, submitted. 126. Our data with rats are quite consistent as to the variation of blood pressure and heart rate during oniric activity. C R Soc Biol (Paris) 1938;128:533-9. Cognitive and emotional processes during dreaming: a neuroimaging view. J Neurophysiol 1938;1:413-30. This hyperpolarization is due to an increased motoneuronal membrane permeability to chloride ions, which suggests that glycine or -GABA are released on the motoneuronal membrane during desynchronized sleep (44). Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Jouvet M. The role of monoamines and acetylcholine-containing neurons in the regulation of the sleep-waking cycle. De Sanctis, whose main research on sleep was the incorporation of sensory stimulation into dreams, states in his book that "by measuring the pulse and observing the movements in humans and other animals during sleep it is possible to detect the occurrence of dreaming and sometimes even to guess the dream content". Lovblad KO, Thomas R, Jakod PM, Scammel T, Bassetti C, Griswold M, et al. 92. Much effort was devoted to searching for parallels between physiological aspects of REM sleep and characteristics of associated dreams, with modest results. Ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) burst neurons: correlative evidence for neuronal generators of PGO waves. The previous station of these nuclei is the interpeduncular nucleus, whose stimulation with carbachol caused sleep within nearly 30 seconds. Such high values of r may mean that theta waves arrive in such areas almost synchronously, coming from some other sites in the central nervous system. Braun et al. Jouvet M. Programmation gntique itrative et sommeil paradoxal. Braz J Med Biol Res 1996;29:1645-50. 1996 Sep 12;383(6596):163-6. doi: 10.1038/383163a0. Physiol Behav 1972;8:363-71. 108. It is most likely an elementary brain activity in homeotherms and thus, if dreaming has a function, it probably plays a similar role in the human brain and in nonhuman brains as well. 109. 2020 Nov 12;11:565694. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.565694. Brain 1997;120:1173-97. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1997;102:125-31. Braz J Med Biol Res 1990;23:617-20. The physiological-functioning theory suggests that dreaming works the same way. Aristotle (1), who had carefully observed several animal species while asleep, noticed that movements of several of their body parts were quite similar to those performed by humans during dreaming. Sigmund Freuds theory of dreams suggests that dreams represent unconscious desires, thoughts, wish fulfillment, and motivations. It is interesting that the representation of animals in dreams of infants is quite conspicuous. We spend a lot of time sleeping. By lesioning the alphacoeruleus nuclei such an inhibitory effect is prevented and during oniric activity the movements generated by the dream itself can be expressed, as was clearly demonstrated in Jouvet's Laboratory (50,51) in cats; the animal suddenly gets up, walks, miews and strikes with the paws, as if the animal were awake. Spreng LF, Johnson LC, Lubin A. Autonomic correlates of eye movement bursts during state REM sleep. Web5 Theories on dreaming . Some more recent theories of dreaming emphasize an adaptive function related to emotion and a role in learning and memory consolidation. Sleep 1973;2:36-42. 80. Moruzzi G. Active processes in the brain stem during sleep. Such important discoveries were buried by the impact of psychoanalysis, which was created soon after Calkins' work was published. After transection of the brain stem at the pontomesencephalic transition, rostrally to locus coeruleus, desynchronized sleep still occurs below the transection (10,90-93). Nature 1996;383:163-6. Ergebn. Maquet P, Peters JM, Aerts J, Delfiore G, Degueldre C, Luxen A, et al. J Neurophysiol 1977;40:284-95. Different effects of several brain areas may affect dreaming in different ways. Jouvet believes that dreaming activity plays a key role during the earliest years of life and thus may be involved in continuously programming some of the most subtle reactions of our consciousness during wakefulness. Learn Mem 1999;6:500-8. Several theories claim that dreaming is a random by-product of REM sleep physiology and that it does not serve any natural function. An official website of the United States government. WebPsychoanalytic theory of dream: Advanced by Freud, the psychoanalytic theory of dream stands as the most valid and fundamental among all the theories of dream. Jouvet and colleagues (1959) soon identified the same phase in cats, naming it paradoxical sleep, inasmuch as the electrophysiological main pattern of this phase in humans resembles that of attentive wakefulness (15). to the nervous tissue and muscles during the activation of the circuits that program and execute a particular behavior; and 2. According to this author, in children at the age of two, when the hippocampus, which is still in the process of development at birth, becomes functional, REM sleep takes on its interpretive memory function (134). Hernndez-Pen R. A neurophysiologic model of dreams and hallucinations. Brain Res 1990;517:224-8. Science 1966;153:206-8. Wilson MA, McNaughton BL. A theory that has many In the somesthetic system inhibition occurs at the very first central neurons in the sensory pathway (both spinal and in the brain stem) and appears as a reduction of evoked potentials in the medial lemniscus when peripheral afferents are electrically stimulated (41). Unfortunately, despite the opinion of great scientists of the past, most researchers that deal with sleep and dreaming, probably moved by philosophical, religious prejudice and a faulty reasoning, do not accept the idea that non-human animals do dream. 45. If the animal is kept alive by forced feeding and is kept warm, in six days frontal desynchronization and theta waves in the other cortical areas reappear and then not only wakefulness is fully recovered but also desynchronized sleep, including oniric activity. Fos-like immunoreactivity was also found in association with cholinergically induced REM sleep (107,108). 52. Takakusaki K, Ohta y, Mori S. Single medullary reticulospinal neurons exert postsynaptic inhibitory effects via inhibitory interneurons upon alpha-motoneurons innervating cat hindlimb muscles. Dement WC. This allows us to see the irrational as a normal event, while emotional processing and symbolic identities can be explored. Metabolism during desynchronized sleep tends, in fact, to be equal to or even larger than that of waking (131,132). If we dream we are walking, the electromyographic recordings from muscles involved in such behavior show quite clearly that they are not able to produce normal movements. cognitive development. Oswald I. 2019 Oct 22;10:1127. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01127. 2021 Aug 30;24(2):543. doi: 10.4081/ripppo.2021.543. Neurology 1999;53:2193-5. Timo-Iaria C. Early research on dreaming. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Such activation of zif-268, which is likely to be correlated with the effect of learning on desynchronized sleep, was larger in the frontal and hippocampal cortices, where memorization is well known to occur. Vertes RP. There are many hypotheses to account for the existence of dreams but it is still a matter of debate why and what for we dream. Some of his statements, hereby reproduced in a simplified form from his book on sleep and dreams, briefly illustrate his contribution to the study of this subject: "All creatures that have four limbs and are sanguine (mammals) display signs that they dream while asleep. However, they ignored that the dreams were produced by the brain. Later, the Roman writer Lucretius, the first popularizer of science, in his book De Rerum Natura (1978) credited these Greek philosophers for the discovery of the characteristics of sleep and dreams (2). In cats, during movements related to dreams such hyperpolarization is reinforced by presynaptic inhibition of afferents to motoneurons. Stimulus response theory of dream: The stimulus response theory which existed prior to Freud is based upon the associationistic stimulus response view. This theory stresses the relationship between brain changes during sleep and changes in perceptual efficiency. Some disturbing stimuli force activity into one portion of the cerebral cortex. Desynchronization is the rule, during this phase, in all cortical electro-oscillograms in humans and other primates. Baldissera F, Broggi G. An analysis of potential changes in the spinal cord during desynchronized sleep. Roberts LA, Higgins MJ, O'Shaughnessy CT, Stone TW, Morris BJ. In normal humans they found that around 20% of the dreams contain a vestibular component (vertigo, sensation of head drop) but in people with a vestibular illness the proportion of such dreams increased to over 70%, as expected from the close relationship between dreams and the events occurring in the previous day (39). Roffwarg HP, Herman J, Lamstein S. The middle ear muscles: predictability of their phasic action in REM sleep from dream recall. 15. In fact, it does frequently occur when movements are expressed as high frequency potentials. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1992;16:25-30. Despite several demonstrations that this hypothesis is correct, a few argue against such a view. 74. The Psychology of Dreaming. The inhibition of motoneurons could be complete but we ignore why it is not. Candia O, Favale E, Guissani A, Rossi G. Blood pressure during natural sleep and during sleep induced by electrical stimulation of the brain stem reticular formation. Table 1 shows the results of some of such studies, including our data concerning nearly 2,000 dreaming episodes recorded from rats. Exptl Neurol 1963;8:93-111. Thanks to the extraordinary possibilities of functional connections that take place in the brain when the "basic circuitries of our personality are programmed", dreams do contribute to shape new solutions for new problems. Figure 6 shows an increase in heart rate from 150 bpm to 180 bpm (the latter is the normal heart rate during resting wakefulness in this species), coinciding with the peak of eye movements. Modifications of recurrent discharge of the alpha motoneurons during sleep. Sakai K, Sastre JP, Kanamori N, Jouvet M. State-specific neurons in the ponto-medullary reticular formation with special reference to the postural atonia during paradoxical sleep in the cat. It is interesting to consider that while muscles all over the body are paralyzed during sleep, respiration is little affected, except that some muscles in the upper respiratory airways are inhibited during sleep (44). Differentiating Oneiric Stupor in Agrypnia Excitata From Dreaming Disorders. 41. The .gov means its official. Forebrain activation in REM sleep: an FDG, PET study. What is the In 1896 Weed & Halam (4) published the first quantification of dreams content. Theta waves, discovered by Jung and Kornmller in 1938 (72), were extensively studied by Green & Arduini (73), who proved they are related to arousal. The neurophysiological mechanisms of the postural and motor events during desynchronized sleep. Rechtschaffen A, Buchignani C. The visual appearance of dreams. Madsen PC, Holm S, Vorstup S, Friberg L, Lassen NA, Wildschiotz LF. We suppose, instead, inasmuch as dreams are forgotten if we are not aroused while dreaming or within ten to fifteen minutes immediately after the dream has ceased, that it may well be that dreams are forgotten because the reticular activating system is highly deactivated during desynchronized sleep and thus the memory of the dreams cannot be consolidated (110). This is specially true as to bees, that at night do interrupt their hum, "even if they are exposed to the light of a lantern". The heart rate and breathing quickens, and blood pressure rises. Eye movements in born-blinds are probably due to a quite different reason. Considering that desynchronization is predominant all over the cortex in humans and in the frontal cortex of both cats and rats, we consider it to be a phylogenetically more recent functional acquisition. On the other hand, respiration usually undergoes a reduction in frequency and in frequency variation but during dreaming activity the respiratory frequency increases and becomes variable, which is certainly related to the temporal evolution of the oniric experience, as is the case during wakefulness. Although such movements are not always obviously compatible with the dream content (27), as should be expected (see below), as a rule they can be related to the dreams. The PGO potentials are correlates of dreams. With developments in understanding of the neurophysiology of REM sleep, new Essential manifestations of dreaming are the conscious experience, the electrophysiological, the motor and the vegetative expression of oniric behaviors in humans as well as in other animals. From the spinal cord Marini (1997) recorded slow (delta) regularly oscillating waves during desynchronized sleep (81), which may be related to activation of spinal neurons during dreaming. 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