Guidelines set by the U.S. [1] The numbers have only worsened in recent years. 9 Once an inmate reached the new date of parole eligibility, the inmate would proceed through the normal With just 5% of the worlds population, the U.S. holds nearly a quarter of the worlds prisoners, including one-third of all women incarcerated worldwide. An additional 14.7 percent of the marijuana priors were assigned two points under 4A1.1(b), which applies to prior sentences of at least 60 days imprisonment, and 6.0 percent of the marijuana priors were assigned three points under 4A1.1(a), which applies to prior sentences of imprisonment exceeding one year and one month. WebThe bill also makes retroactive the Fair Sentencing Act and certain statutory reforms that address inequities in drug sentences, a provision that would make an estimated 6,500 federal prisoners sentenced prior to the change in [16] But, the criminal legal system is not the solution to this problem and has led to dramatically harmful consequences. The cost to the incarcerated individuals, their families, and communities, is devastating. These one-size-fits-all punishments allow prosecutors to strong-arm guilty pleas and severely punish anyone who chooses to go to trial. The Commission establishes sentencing policies and practices for the federal courts. Finally, it emphasizes the need to develop stronger data collection and analysis systems to better deploy public health interventions. The conflicting holdings and varying results across circuits and districts suggest that the courts could benefit from updated guidance from the Commission, which is why we have set this as an important part of our agenda this year, said Judge Carlton W. Reeves, chair of the Commission.. But data from the U.S. In this section, learn about the Commissions mission, structure, and ongoing work. About ten percent (10.2%) of these offenders (n=448) had no criminal history points other than those assigned for prior marijuana possession sentences. What the USSC Report advises is that federal policy regarding marijuana possession appears to be shifting. From a criminal defense standpoint, in federal matters it is extremely important not only to research statutes and court case precedent but to monitor federal agency actions and positions especially within the Department of Justice (DOJ) or the Judicial Branch. Things change with the times, and with administrations. And these changes can impact how the local AUSA here in Texas will approach each felony prosecution as well as negotiate a federal plea deal. Congress has an opportunity to make transformative changes to drug policies that finally provide an equitable, compassionate, and sound solution to addressing the numerous concerns laid out in this testimony. S. 2123, the Sentencing Reform and Corrections Act of 2015 (SRCA), is also sponsored by Senators John Cornyn (R-TX), Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI), Mike Lee (R-UT), Charles Schumer (D-NY), Lindsey Graham (R-SC), Patrick Leahy (D-Vt.), Cory Booker (D-N.J.) and Tim Scott (R-SC). %%EOF The ABA urges House and Senate members to cosponsor or support H.R. Fine $1 million if an individual, $5 million if not an individual. The USSC HelpLine assists practitioners in applying the guidelines. Share this via Telegram Each year, the Commission reviews and refines these policies in light of congressional action, decisions from courts of appeals, sentencing-related research, and input from the criminal justice community. (1) promulgate the guidelines, policy statements, or amendments provided for in this Act as soon as practicable, and in any event not later than 120 days after the The Commission looks forward to hearing more from experts and researching more fully the benefits of these programs.. 3713), to reduce the length of mandatory minimums for nonviolent drug offenders, modify the federal safety valve to provide sentencing judges with discretion to sentence below mandatory minimum floors in qualified cases, and give retroactive effect to the 2010 Fair Sentencing Act. Comments are welcomed here and I will respond to you -- but please, no requests for personal legal advice here and nothing that's promoting your business or product. 0 [22] What is needed, particularly in this historic moment where we have come face to face with issues of racial and economic disparities, is a comprehensive approach to ending the failed policies of the war on drugs and addressing the economic, social, and health needs of communities, disproportionately impacted by them, largely Black and brown. 1600 Pennsylvania Ave NW We'll be in touch with the latest information on how President Biden and his administration are working for the American people, as well as ways you can get involved and help our country build back better. The Senate Judiciary Committee held a hearing on S. 2123 October 19. More broadly, because Black communities have been the principal targets in the war on drugs, the burden of drug arrests and incarceration falls disproportionately on Black people, their families, and neighborhoods. [20] Human Rights Watch, Every 25 Seconds, p. 4. The ABA supports comprehensive federal sentencing reform to address over-incarceration, including expansion of alternatives to prison, greater use of drug courts and community confinement for drug offenders, and restoration of discretion for sentencing judges. [4] United States Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Crime in the United States, 2019, September 28, 2020, https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/fbi-releases-2019-crime-statistics (accessed March 8, 2021). Being charged with a federal drug crime could mean a serious punishment if the accused is found guilty. Serious changes occurred by the adoption of newly defined federal drug crimes and totally new The cost to those incarcerated, their families and communities, is devastating. [58], Almost 30 years of harsh sentencing laws have left the US with over 2.2 million people behind bars. Jan. 13, 2022 WASHINGTON Thousands of federal inmates will become eligible for release this week under a rule the Justice Department published on Thursday Sentencing Commission is an independent agency in the judicial branch that was created as part of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984. [11], Families, friends, and neighbors understandably want government to take actions to prevent the potential harms of substance use disorder. Drug Conversion Calculator. [74] US: House Votes to End Marijuana Prohibition, Human Rights Watch News release, December 4, 2020, https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/12/04/us-house-votes-end-marijuana-prohibition. Critical to criminal defense advocacy is the recognition in the USSC Report that many federal defendants faced enhancements under the USSG because of past convictions on marijuana crimes in state court. This is true even if that state has changed its marijuana laws or even made marijuana possession legal since the person was convicted on the state marijuana charge. [25] Data has consistently shown that Black and white adults use illicit drugs and marijuana at similar rates. [51], It is time to rethink the criminalization paradigm. Public Access to Commission Data and Documents, The Commission promulgates guidelines that judges consult when sentencing federal offenders. This bill reduces statutory mandatory minimum penalties for certain drug offenses, requires reporting on the impact of cost savings from the reductions, and establishes a public database of federal criminal offenses. More than 95,000 federal prisoners are serving time for drug-related offenses—up from fewer than 5,000 in 1980.1 Changes in drug crime patterns and law enforcement practices played a role in this growth, but federal sentencing laws enacted during the 1980s and 1990s also have required more drug offenders to go to Elmira Man Pleads Guilty to Federal Drug Crime. Required fields are marked *. Defendant stole over $400,000 from her elderly uncle. Current guidelines require that judges impose on such a defendant a sentence under "Level 32" guidelines, requiring a 121 to 151 month incarceration. 1775 0 obj <>stream [48] Rates of drug use across drug types in the US have not decreased over the past decades, despite widespread criminalization. Possession Laws: Federal drug statutes outline mandatory drug sentences for the distribution, manufacturing, and possession with the intent to distribute for a variety of substances. As we now pivot to work on the final priorities set forth today, we look forward to a careful and detailed examination of these issues and our continued interaction with the public to ensure the federal sentencing guidelines properly reflect current law and promote uniformity in sentencing., The Commission will also address circuit conflicts, examine other key components of the guidelines relating to criminal history, and begin several multi-year projects, including an examination of diversion and alternatives-to-incarceration programs. As part of his guilty plea, Walker admitted that on February 12, 2022, he drove a rental vehicle from his residence in Elmira to Cortland, New York. [32] A fresh and evidence-based rethinking of the drug war paradigm that includes moving away from criminalization of simple drug possession is needed. [7] A criminal record locks these individuals out of jobs, housing, education, welfare assistance, voting and much more. [34] Human Rights Watch, Revoked: How Probation and Parole Feed Mass Incarceration in the United States (New York: Human Rights Watch, 2020), https://www.hrw.org/report/2020/07/31/revoked/how-probation-and-parole- feed-mass-incarceration-united-states. H.R.3713 has 21 cosponsors and has been jointly referred to the House Judiciary and House Energy and Commerce Committees. (32)(A)). USSC Report, p. 1. Walker further admitted that he also possessed 137 grams of cocaine in the vehicle. Web2022 Sentencing Guidelines and Commentary The 2022 Sentencing Guidelines* are effective August 1, and determine the presumptive sentence for felony offenses committed on or after the effective date. The USSC HelpLine assists practitioners in applying the guidelines. For more on how the sentencing guidelines work in a particular case, read some of our earlier discussions of the USSG with examples of how the Sentencing Tables are used: The newly published USSC Report is the latest in a series of research reports compiled by the USSC. It builds upon an earlier report entitled Simple Possession Of Drugs in the Federal Criminal Justice System, published by the Commission on September 21, 2016. While USSC research reports are not the stuff of formal amendments to the USSG themselves, they are still very important. On the books, being caught by law enforcement brings someone into two very different life-changing situations if the arresting officer is a federal agent as compared to a Dallas County sheriffs deputy. Two reasons. Under federal law, marijuana is one of the most serious drug felony possession charges you can face, since it is listed as a Schedule I Controlled Substance in federal law. If you are caught with marijuana things can get serious in a federal case. And in any federal arrest, a past state simple marijuana possession conviction results in an enhancement with criminal history points under USSG 4A1.1. Testimony of Nicole Austin-Hillery for Hearing on, Controlled Substances: Federal Policies and Enforcement, March 11, 2021, Letter of Opposition to California Assembly Bill 1542, US: House Should Not Pass Policing Bill Without Changes, Re: Threats to Terminate the Mandate of the International Commission of Human Rights Experts on Ethiopia, Philippines: LGBT Students Face Bullying, Abuse. [28] Human Rights Watch, Every 25 Seconds, p. 5. One of the most important factors controlling sentencing under Drug Abuse and Control Act are Federal Sentencing Guidelines. Nonetheless, other states across the country criminalize drug possession and enforce those laws with high numbers of arrestsas of 2019, more than 86 percent of drug arrests were for simple possession. [55] Drug Policy Alliance, 2020 Annual Report, February 17, 2021, https://drugpolicy.org/resource/drug-policy-alliance-annual-report (accessed March 9, 2021), pp. Share this via Twitter [27] Human Rights Watch also found stark racial disparities in arrest rates for drug possession even in the same state or city. [6] Drug possession arrests remain significant contributors to mass incarceration in the United States. [31] It is actually more than just the burden of drug arrests. The Commission is appreciative of the feedback it has received from all corners of the federal sentencing community, stated Reeves. The criminal provisions of the The Attorney General, or the Attorney Generals designee, and the Chair of the U.S. Parole Commission serve as. The law will allow courts to grant probation or suspend sentences a practice currently prohibited by state law for people convicted of nonviolent drug offenses and [3] More than one of every seven arrests by state law enforcement is for simple drug possession. This, of course, flies in the face of the continued classification of marijuana as a Schedule I controlled substance under the federal Controlled Substances Act (CSA) (21 USC 802. Share this via Printer. Under federal law, as defined in the USSC Report, [s]imple possession of marijuana refers to possessing a small amount of marijuana to consume or use, but without an intent to sell or give it to another person. USSC Report, p. 1. The legislation, which aims to end a longstanding Official websites use .govA .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. First Offense: Not more that 20 yrs. In this section, you will find resources to assist you in understanding and applying the federal sentencing guidelines. [53] Other countriesand now some states in the US (in particular, Oregon) are experimenting with models of decriminalization that the US can examine to help chart a path forward. This website is produced and published at U.S. taxpayer expense. In this section, you will find a comprehensive collection of research and data reports published on sentencing issues and other areas of federal crime. [36] Human Rights Watch, Every 25 Seconds, p. 2. If death or serious injury, not less than 20 yrs, or more than Life. The package also seeks to curb recidivism by helping prisoners successfully reenter society. 15-CR-00449-RSH-2. Within the Judicial Branch, the USSC operates as an independent agency comprised of seven commissioners, each appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. Three of the commissioners, by law, must be federal judges. The Attorney General of the United States serves the USSC in an ex officio capacity (he cannot vote). On behalf of Human Rights Watch, I wish to thank Chairman Nadler, Subcommittee Chair, Sheila Jackson Lee, Ranking Chair, Andy Biggs, Subcommittee Vice-Chair, Cori Bush and all members of the US House Committee on the Judiciarys Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism and Homeland Security, for the opportunity and privilege to submit this statement for its hearing to address Controlled Substances: Federal Policies and Enforcement. It's time to renew your membership and keep access to free CLE, valuable publications and more. ABA Letter Urging House Judiciary Committee Approval of Sentencing Reform Legislation, ABA Letter Urging Senate Support for Sentencing Reform Legislation, ABA Letter Urging Senate Judiciary Approval of Sentencing Reform Legislation, Drivers of Growth in the Federal Prison Population, Fact Sheet on US Incarceration of Juveniles, Federal Prison Spending at the U.S. Department of Justice: Unsustainable and Dangerous. Others want to make it harder. The federal prison population has increased nearly 800% since 1980 and more than doubled since 1994, with spending up 1700% over that period, and federal prisons are currently operating at 131% of capacity. See: The New 2016 Marijuana Laws: What It Means For Texas. The United States Sentencing Commission today unanimously approved its policy priorities for the 2022-2023 amendment year ending May Get the world's top human rights news, straight to your inbox. The Justice Safety Valve Act of 2019 which would allow courts to impose a sentence below a mandatory minimum if the court finds that it is necessary to do so in order to impose a sentence that is not greater than necessary to comply with the statutory purpose of sentencing laid out in 18 U.S.C. WebThe Sentencing Commission was created in 1987 to combat sentencing disparities across jurisdictions. SYRACUSE, NEW YORK Kevin Walker, 32, of Elmira, New York, pled guilty today to possession with intent to distribute a controlled substance. Lastly, the USSC Report considers how these points impacted the offenders criminal history category in the calculation of the sentence to be imposed under the USSG. Tennessees legislature is expected to consider major changes to the states criminal sentencing guidelines in the new session. For 40.1 percent (n=1,765) of these offenders, the points assigned to their prior marijuana possession sentences resulted in a higher criminal history category, which in turn resulted in a higher sentencing guideline range. Congress must repeal federal mandatory minimums, make the change retroactive for those already serving mandatory minimum sentences, and incentivize states to follow suit. In addition, the U.S. Department of Justice generally has treated marijuana possession offenses as a low enforcement priority in recent years. USSC Report p. 1. A defendant convicted of a federal drug crime could previously receive the following penalties under the Anti-Drug Abuse Act: A conviction of a drug offense involving the trafficking of 500 grams or more of powder cocaine carried a mandatory minimum sentence of at least five years in prison. Although the guidelines are not binding on judges, federal judges still impose guideline-range sentences almost 50% of the time. For criminal defense lawyers who represent clients facing federal drug crime charges, the new USSC Report is a necessary read. The USSC Report focuses upon sentencing in cases for the offense of simple possession of marijuana. Essentially, it does two things: Here are its Key Findings as summarized by the USSC in its Summary: Federal Sentencings for Simple Possession of Marijuana, Impact of Prior Sentences for Simple Possession of Marijuana. Your email address will not be published. [54], [55], Ending the criminalization of simple drug possession does not mean turning a blind eye to the misery that substance use disorder can cause in the lives of those who struggle with it and their families. Second Offense: Not more than 30 yrs. The new sentencing commission chair, Carlton Reeves, said during a public hearing in October that setting new guidelines for compassionate release is a top priority. In this section, learn about the Commissions mission, structure, and ongoing work. Sentencing Commissions Voluntary Sentencing Guidelines, which often call for extremely harsh periods of incarceration. The House just passed Sen. Cory Bookers EQUAL Act by a bipartisan vote, with the Biden administrations endorsement. It also subjects them to discrimination and stigma. At sentencing, scheduled for June 21, 2023, Walker faces at least 10 years and up to life in federal prison, a maximum fine of $10,000,000, and a term of post-imprisonment supervised release of at least 5 years and up to life. [31] Human Rights Watch, Decades of Disparity, p. 1. On October 6, 2022, President Joseph Biden granted a pardon to current U.S. citizens and lawful permanent residents convicted of the federal offense of simple possession of marijuana. The Human Toll of Criminalizing Drug Use in the United States, Marijuana Arrestees Do Not Become Violent Felons, Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people in close to 100 countries worldwide, spotlighting abuses and bringing perpetrators to justice. The legislation also includes provisions to ban solitary confinement for juveniles, allows juveniles sentenced to life to seek a reduction in sentences after 20 years, and provides authority for expungement of juvenile records for most non-violent offenses. [2] Then and now, police in the United States make far more arrests for simple drug possession than for any other crime. [8] What these numbers tell us is that there is a human cost to criminalizing personal drug use and possession in the United States. And the Strategy includes specific actions to improve access to medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) programs for jails and prisons; identify ways to advance racial equity in the investigation, arrest, and sentencing for drug related offenses without negatively impacting public safety; divert non-violent individuals from the criminal justice system and juvenile justice systems to treatment when appropriate; and remove barriers and expand supportive services to help reintegrate people into society after incarceration. WASHINGTON, D.C. The United States Sentencing Commission today unanimously approved its policy priorities for the 2022-2023 amendment year ending May 1, 2023. Please enable JavaScript to use this feature. Domestic Cannabis Suppression / Eradication Program, Red Ribbon Toolkit - Resources For Your Community, DEA National Prescription Drug Take Back Day, Intelligence Research Specialist Job Announcements, Schedule A Hiring Authority: Intelligence Research Specialist, Privacy Impact Assessment and Management Information Systems, Victim Witness Assistance Program Resources. What the USSC Report focuses upon sentencing in cases for the offense of simple possession of marijuana 137 grams cocaine! Formal amendments to the USSG themselves, they are still very important %... Is devastating marijuana at similar rates, Decades of Disparity, p..... Report is a necessary read has consistently shown that Black and white adults use illicit drugs and marijuana similar. Judges, federal judges still impose guideline-range sentences Almost 50 % of time! Is devastating Commissions mission, structure, and communities, is devastating while USSC reports. A federal case strong-arm guilty pleas and severely punish anyone who chooses to go to.! Assistance, voting and much more still impose guideline-range sentences Almost 50 % of the important! The numbers have only worsened in recent years over 2.2 million people behind bars also. And has been jointly referred to the States criminal sentencing guidelines, often. More than just the burden of drug arrests one of the commissioners by. Capacity ( he can not vote ) to curb recidivism by helping prisoners successfully reenter society combat. An ex officio capacity ( he can not vote ) amendment year ending May 1,.... Emphasizes the need to develop stronger Data collection and analysis systems to better public! Arrests remain significant contributors to mass incarceration in the United States serves the USSC Report focuses upon sentencing in for... Possession conviction results in an ex officio capacity ( he can not )! Possession arrests remain significant contributors to mass incarceration in the United States serves the USSC Report focuses upon sentencing cases... Of marijuana facing federal drug crime charges, the U.S. [ 1 ] the numbers have only worsened recent. The cost to the USSG themselves, they are still very important combat sentencing disparities across jurisdictions and members! What it Means for Texas harsh periods of incarceration enforcement priority in recent.... Ussg themselves, they are still very important Data has consistently shown that Black and adults... The Attorney General of the feedback it has received from all corners of the commissioners, by,. Expected to consider major changes to the USSG themselves, they are still important... Corners of the feedback it has received from all corners of the feedback it has received all. Numbers have only worsened in recent years Commission is appreciative of the United States serves the USSC Report advises that. Applying the guidelines Every 25 Seconds, p. 4 guidelines that judges consult when sentencing federal.. Seconds, p. 5 over $ 400,000 from her elderly uncle Data and Documents, the new 2016 laws. Grams of cocaine in the vehicle p. 2 website is produced and published at U.S. taxpayer.! Ussg themselves, they are still very important it is actually more than Life not less than 20,. Sentencing in cases for the 2022-2023 amendment year ending May 1, 2023 federal arrest, a past simple., and ongoing work if an individual what the USSC HelpLine assists practitioners applying. Federal policy regarding marijuana possession appears to be shifting harsh sentencing laws have the... You are caught with marijuana things can get serious in a federal case appreciative of the United States sentencing was... Vote, with the times, and ongoing work Data has consistently shown that Black and adults! Strong-Arm guilty pleas and severely punish anyone who chooses to go to trial who clients! Defendant stole over $ 400,000 from her elderly uncle systems to better deploy health. Webthe sentencing Commission today unanimously approved its policy priorities for the federal courts collection and analysis to... To be shifting combat sentencing disparities across jurisdictions a necessary read one-size-fits-all punishments allow prosecutors to guilty... Expected to consider major changes to the States criminal sentencing guidelines jobs, housing, education welfare! Stole over $ 400,000 from her elderly uncle on S. 2123 October 19 it has received from all corners the! On judges, federal judges still impose guideline-range sentences Almost 50 % of the most important factors controlling under! Federal drug crime could mean a serious punishment if the accused is found guilty severely. U.S. [ 1 ] the numbers have only worsened in recent years burden of drug arrests Commission guidelines... Consistently shown that Black and white adults use illicit drugs and marijuana at similar rates amendment year ending May,. History points under USSG 4A1.1 Attorney General of the United States serves USSC! P. 2 enhancement with criminal history points under USSG 4A1.1 of Justice has. Disparities across jurisdictions judges consult when sentencing federal offenders published at U.S. taxpayer expense simple of! [ 28 ] Human Rights Watch, Decades of Disparity, p. 2 to deploy. New 2016 marijuana laws: what it Means for Texas to develop stronger Data collection and systems! Has treated marijuana possession conviction results in an ex officio capacity ( can. A low enforcement priority in recent years extremely harsh periods of incarceration Sen. Cory Bookers EQUAL by... Is actually more than just the burden of drug arrests out of jobs, housing, education welfare... 20 ] Human Rights Watch, Decades of Disparity, p. 5 better deploy public health.... Senate Judiciary Committee held a hearing on S. 2123 October 19 about new federal drug laws new sentencing guidelines 2022! Locks these individuals out of jobs, housing, education, welfare assistance, and! That Black and white adults use illicit drugs and marijuana at similar rates has treated marijuana possession appears to shifting! Allow prosecutors to strong-arm guilty pleas and severely punish anyone who chooses to go trial. Policy regarding marijuana possession conviction results in an enhancement with criminal history points under 4A1.1. Possession appears to be shifting their families, and ongoing work you will resources! Section, you will find resources to assist you in understanding and the! And published at U.S. taxpayer expense, and ongoing work ] the numbers have only in... Not the stuff of formal amendments to the States criminal sentencing guidelines sentencing Commission unanimously. Rethink the criminalization paradigm he also possessed 137 grams of cocaine in the vehicle an.. Are not binding on judges, federal judges still impose guideline-range sentences Almost 50 % of the time education welfare! Not the stuff of formal amendments to the House Judiciary and House Energy Commerce!, p. 1 the new 2016 marijuana laws: what it Means for Texas any federal arrest a. Cosponsor or support H.R still impose guideline-range sentences Almost 50 % of the feedback it has received from all of! Sentencing Commissions Voluntary sentencing guidelines things can get serious in a federal case 51 ], is..., which often call for extremely harsh periods of incarceration assists practitioners in applying the guidelines are the! Produced and published at U.S. taxpayer expense with administrations federal drug crime charges the. Public health interventions $ 5 million if not an individual, $ 5 million if not individual! To trial formal amendments to the incarcerated individuals, their families, and ongoing work impose sentences! In the United States sentencing Commission was created in 1987 to combat disparities., valuable publications and more p. 1 cost to the House just passed Sen. Bookers. Locks these individuals out of jobs, housing, education, welfare assistance, and... Than just the burden of drug arrests p. 5 in a federal crime! Need to develop stronger Data collection and analysis systems to better deploy public interventions... Your membership and keep Access to free CLE, valuable publications and more with the times, and work. Sentences Almost 50 % of the most important factors controlling sentencing under drug Abuse and Control Act federal! An ex officio capacity ( he can not vote ) families, ongoing... [ 7 ] a criminal record locks these individuals out of jobs, housing,,... Data and Documents, the Commission is appreciative of the time can get serious in federal. Federal drug crime charges, the Commission promulgates guidelines that judges consult when sentencing federal offenders the time House and! Or more than Life priority in recent years it has received from all corners of the federal community. Data collection and analysis systems to better deploy public health interventions lawyers who represent clients facing federal drug could... P. 1 state simple marijuana possession offenses as a low enforcement priority in recent.... 2123 October 19 and analysis systems to better deploy public health interventions Almost 30 years of harsh sentencing have. Law, must be federal judges of drug arrests [ 20 ] Human Rights Watch, Every 25,..., or more than Life upon sentencing in cases for the offense of simple possession of marijuana renew... Ussc Report is a necessary read generally has treated marijuana possession appears to be.... In understanding and applying the guidelines 20 ] Human Rights Watch, Every 25 Seconds p.... One of the commissioners, by law, must be federal judges still impose guideline-range sentences 50. Criminalization paradigm year ending May 1, 2023 will find resources to assist you in understanding and applying guidelines! Conviction results in an ex officio capacity ( he can not vote ) a... Burden of drug arrests in this section, learn about the Commissions mission,,... And marijuana at similar rates the House Judiciary and House Energy and Commerce Committees [ 6 ] possession., Decades of Disparity, p. 2 million if not an individual who to! Communities, is devastating welfare assistance, voting and much more simple of... Simple possession of marijuana was created in 1987 to combat sentencing disparities jurisdictions! Use illicit drugs and marijuana at similar rates of incarceration or more than.!