If you can run the tests yourself, that's a plus so you can see/feel the soil and immediately know how it performs in the test. Generally this sample method is not necessary to determine infiltration potential at a site as they do not allow collection of blow counts. It only takes one bad event like a broken water line or a large spill to wet the subgrade and begin the swelling process. Click here to see list of references, authorities, sources and geographical terms as used in this glossary. USCS doesn't use fat or lean in their description, they just go based on the Atterberg limits for behavior. 168 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 171 /H [ 1088 604 ] /L 348642 /E 8133 /N 40 /T 345163 >> endobj xref 168 28 0000000016 00000 n 0000001905 00000 n An example blank form that allows for both the USCS and USDA classifications is shown in the figure to the right (Source: USDA-NRCS). The sand clumping together is called the "sand castle effect', and it is easily distinguishable from actual cohesion. Next, 12 of uncompacted sand was installed to serve as a way to drain as much moisture as possible horizontally instead of vertically. And checking your work with lab results. Bear in mind that the A-line and other distinctions in USCS are arbitrary, and came from some . In addition, the water content in expansive . 0000001988 00000 n (An angstrom is a unit of measure at the scale of atoms.) Bear in mind that the A-line and other distinctions in USCS are arbitrary, and came from some pretty early work by Casagrande. Is it sticky? Section 16.10 of the Construction Stormwater general permit states Permittees must provide at least one soil boring, test pit or infiltrometer test in the location of the infiltration practice for determining infiltration rates. What if the soil is fully saturated? 50/2"). Larger samples can be collected in 5- gallon buckets. 'Cause if Clay set these guys in motion, brother on brother, shit, mano, you ain't got no trust to lean on. A few tips: The first thing you look for is sand particles. Plasticity is a property of the fine-grained portion of soil that allows it to be deformed beyond the point of recovery without cracking or changing volume. To purify using clay. Copyright 1998-2023 engineering.com, Inc. All rights reserved.Unauthorized reproduction or linking forbidden without expressed written permission. To me they all try there best to explain what you should be feeling and seeing and giving you these tips and tricks to classify. Different drilling methods may require different sampling techniques or procedures. Unable to perform blow counts. When rolling, try to get it down to 1/8". Fine-grained soil groups include lean clay (CL), silt (ML), organic clay/organic silt with liquid limit less than 50 (OL), fat clay (CH), elastic silt (MH), and organic clay/organic silt with liquid limit 50 or more (OH). If a restrictive layer is found within ten feet of the bottom of an infiltration BMP, the Project Engineer should evaluate whether the site is a good location for an infiltration BMP, or if another type of BMP would be more successful. Bulk samples. cu One can find some extremely plastic materials (consisting primarily of montmorillonites and other clay minerals) that plot below the line, making them MH rather than CH according to the USCS. fat clay will stick to your shoes, silty clay will have a little grit when rub between your finger. Thanks for your feedback, brownbag and TAC. Already a Member? The engineer summarized the completed well pad in these words, We wanted to get the fat clays predictable, and the combination of Triax geogrid, sand, lean clay and FilterGrid allowed us to do so.. These groups are based on laboratory tests performed on the portion of a soil sample passing the 3 inch sieve (see ASTM E11-22: Standard Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves for more information). 2011. What helped me was to review the field logs versus the corrected final logs that had the lab data. Samples collected from the soil exploration can be tested in the laboratory for Particle Size Distribution (PSD). Liquid limit 50 or more Inorganic PI plots on or above "A" line CH Fat clay PI plots below "A" line MH Elastic silt Organic Liquid limitoven dried < 0.75 OH Organic clay It is good for penetrating through most formations, but due to the ground disturbance, is not suitable for collecting undisturbed samples. Compare with: fat clay. USCS considers plasticity to be significant enough to form part of a group name (e.g. Take photo of stake and all four directions. Soil and Rock Classification and Logging Chapter 4. This article presents a discussion of soil sampling, soil borings, and interpreting soil information. Alpharetta, GA 30009, Customer Service 0000002417 00000 n Some minerals, such as quartz powder, cannot become plastic regardless of how fine the particles are or how much water is added. Press J to jump to the feed. Close this window and log in. Summary of drilling methods to collect soil samples for infiltration basins. If soil boring auger refusal is encountered prior to depth desired, offset approximately five feet from initial borehole, blind -drill (continuous drilling without soil sampling) to refusal depth, and continue drilling/sampling from that point. Ground Bearing Capacity Table. The summary of geotechnical characteristics of all samples is presented in Table 1.Clayey samples are classified into two sub-groups, i.e., lean clay (CL) and fat clay (CH) as per the Unified Soil Classification System [].The range of specific gravity (G s) was recorded from 2.67 to 2.75.The experimental results of performed tests are presented in Fig. 2.4 SiltSilt is soil passing the No. If you want to know specifically for fat vs lean clay, then fat clay will be smooth and if wet will be quite sticky. Unable to perform blow counts, Geoprobe or Strataprobe is pnuematic hammer driven with continuous sampling into plastic tubes. It may retain shape for a moment, but any amount of force can easily crumble it. Join your peers on the Internet's largest technical engineering professional community.It's easy to join and it's free. %PDF-1.3 % Claypasses a No. Undisturbed samples are recovered completely intact and the in-situ structure and stresses are not modified in any way during collection. 200 sieve. If a large percentage of soil sample particles are passing the #200 sieve, infiltration is not recommended. OH Organic clay, organic silt Split-spoons samples are 1-3/8 inch diameter cylindrical columns of soil obtained using a split-spoon sampler. ASTM Standard D2487, 2000, "Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)," ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2000,DOI: 10.1520/D2487-00, www.astm.org. Items to consider include depth to restrictive layer, restrictive layer thickness, classification of soils above and below the restrictive layer, density of soils above and below restrictive layer, depth of wet and/or saturated soils (groundwater), depth of seasonally high groundwater, area hyrdrology, and size of watershed draining to infiltration BMP. This video provides an example of the impact of even thin layers of clay in soil. The auger is held vertically and is driven into the ground and rotated by the handle while applying leverage. On top of the sand layer, a minimum of 8 inches of lean clay was placed. Common clay is defined as a plastic clay or claylike material with a vit-rification point below 1100C (2000F). You wont be 100% right ever. Helpful to know how much topsoil stripping may be necessary. While this is the most commonly used classification system on boring logs, other systems, such as the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) classification system, may be used. For example. 20 is one of the brand's most versatile options. If a soil is compacted, reduce the soil infiltration rate by one level (e.g. Concrete floors and foundations can lift or sink from either the pressures developed by the swell or from when the clay dries and begins to shrink . The above information was drawn from Table 1 of ASTM D2487-17, and the group symbols are included in parentheses. presented are attached. Thanks. Values in columns 7 and 11 are for guidance only. The soil cohesion depends strongly on the . I hope this helps. How do you all differentiate a silt from sand? According to Atterberg (1911), soils can be classified based on plastic indices as shown in table . Please let us know here why this post is inappropriate. Expansive clay soils (also known as heavy clay or fat clay soil) are soft-textured soils containing minerals that undergo considerable volumetric changes during seasonal moisture fluctuations. Digging it in and mixing it with a shovel is a great way to do this, as it moves a lot of earth without pulverizing the soil particles the way tilling can. Amaco Versa Clay - Best Clay for Pottery. By joining you are opting in to receive e-mail. After completion of the clay cap, the contractor installed a layer of FilterGrid 60 and placed a 12 lift of aggregate to serve as the wearing course and thus the finished surface for the well pad. Already a member? Lean clays will tend to be duller and grittier. 4 sieve). Lean clay PI < 4 and plots below "A" line ML Silt Organic Liquid limitoven dried < 0.75 OL Organic clay Liquid limitnot dried OL Organic silt Silts and Clays. clay or claylike material that typically is high in magnesia and has specialized decolorizing and purifying properties. bedrock, gravel stuck in splitspoon), For example, the split-spoon was pounded 18" but only 10" of soil was recovered in the sampler, Different characterization of coarse and fine grained samples Based on N-value of sample, Most colors should be earth tones with descriptors. Boring logs can be presented vertically or horizontally. Continuous sampling methods provide a complete record of the soil beneath a drilling site. Prior to ordering a soil investigation, it is highly recommended that historical records are evaluated for the site. He concluded that the These are primarily organic matter, dark in color, and have an organic odor. On the other hand, clays are soft-textured soils containing minerals that undergo considerable volumetric changes during moisture fluctuations. Refers to bedding and laminations in the soil. A lot of times fat clay will have a shiny and smooth apppearance when you rub it with your thumb. 0000002931 00000 n This is a good explanation. A disturbed or bulk sample is appropriate for this test. If low recovery is encountered, explain in the field notes why the driller thinks this is happening (i.e. This test is critical to determining the most limiting soil layer with respect to infiltration. 4. If it feels grainy and rolls but falls apart after a certain diameter but doesn't appear to leave residue on your hands, then it is likely a clayey sand. Loam. Cookies help to provide a more personalized experience and relevant content for you, and web analytics for us. Login. If the second attempt results in the same refusal as the first, the driller should call the engineer to inquire about next steps immediately, prior to leaving the site. If an engineer cannot be onsite during drilling investigations, good communication with the drillers prior to performing soil borings will help ensure the most valuable information is obtained. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unified_Soil_Classification_System&oldid=1133150673, poorly graded (many particle of about the same size, well-graded (many different particle sizes, clean gravel <5% smaller than No.200 Sieve, well-graded gravel, fine to coarse gravel, This page was last edited on 12 January 2023, at 12:58. It threatens the structural stability of highways in regions where this soil type is common. Fat Clays Complicate DOE Petroleum Reserve Expansion, Tensar Offers Innovative Design Solution for Fat Clays. There are generally three types of disturbed samples that can be collected during an investigation. Record and photograph any crop damage. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. And, by including the lean clay as the cap, it contributed to the overall strength of the section. [[File:Boring log USDA.png|300px|thumb|alt=boring log image|Example boring log with columns for USCS and USDA classifications. The longer you can play with it without it crumbling the higher the plasticity. Using it for the foundation of a structure built on clay soil is perfect because you can install it to a depth of more than 300 ft (91.4 m). These types of clay are called expansive clay or fat clay. silty clays, lean clays Organic silts and organic silty clays of low plasticity Inorganic silts, micaceous or diatomaceous fine sandy or silty soils, elastic silts Inorganic clays of high plasticity, fat clays Organic clays of medium to high plasticity, organic silts Peat and other highly organic soils . Include all mottling or, For granular samples only (not for silts and clays). Examples of soil boring logs. USCS presents a plasticity chart, as do other standards such as AS 1726 and BS 5930. Then I sat down with samples with known index testing and started feeling them up. THE EXPANSION OF THE SMARTWAY INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM (ITS) ON I-40 FROM NEAR I-840 IN DICKSON COUNTY (L.M. High plasticity). Saturated silts will have high dilatancy. Learn methods and guidelines for using stereolithography (SLA) 3D printed molds in the injection molding process to lower costs and lead time. According to ASTM 2487/2488 the Unified Soil Classification System, a fat clay is classified as a clay with a Liquid Limit greater than 50 and a lean clay has a Plsticity Index greater than 7 or plots above the "A" line. For more detailed descriptions, see the following links: The Unified Soil Classification System, CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CALTRANS) UNIFIED SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM. For example, lean clay is only slightly plastic, whereas fat clay is highly plastic. LABORATORY CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA . Edit: and most of this goes out the window near the 50% mark of fines vs sands, judgement and experience are the way to go. Low-Volume Rapid Injection Molding With 3D Printed Molds, Industry Perspective: Education and Metal 3D Printing. Overlapping the carbon and sulfur burn off, the chemically bonded water escapes from the clay body between 660 F and 1470 F (350 C and 800 C). 0000000911 00000 n These soils are further placed into the following groups: well-graded gravel (GW), poorly graded gravel (GP), silty gravel (GM), clayey gravel (GC), well-graded sand (SW), poorly graded sand (SP), silty sand (SM), and clayey sand (SC). If you keep adding water and its still like play-doh, its a fat clay. Inorganic clays of low to medium plasticity, gravelly clays, sandy clays, silty clays, lean clays: 2,500-6,000: OL: Organic silts and organic silt- clays of low plasticity : Silts and Clays (liquid limit > 50) MH: Inorganic silts, micaceous or diatomaceous fine sandy or silty soils, elastic silts: 8,000 - 30,000: CH: Inorganic clays of high . Other published guidance found on the California Environmental Protection Agency State Water Resources Control Board website recommends that any restrictive soil layer found within ten feet of the bottom of an infiltration BMP should be evaluated by a Professional Engineer (PE) and approved by the City Engineer. Unit weight of a soil mass is the ratio of the total weight of soil to the total volume of soil. Page 4-4 WSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.08 October 2013. We have received your request and will respond promptly. To accomplish this, the engineer required the contractor to place timber mats on top of the finished aggregate surface until all of the wells had been completed and the drill rigs had demobilized. gravel in the shoe of the split-spoon), Blow counts or N values found during a Standard Penetration Test (SPT) are critical to determining the presence of restrictive layers. Difficult to work when damp, but strong when dry. Soil . G for gravel. For sands and gravels having between 5 and 12% of the total sample passing the No. Please let us know here why this post is inappropriate. Note organic material if present or not. 4 Sieve, 50% or more of coarse fraction passes No.4 sieve. Examine how the principles of DfAM upend many of the long-standing rules around manufacturability - allowing engineers and designers to place a parts function at the center of their design considerations. clayiness n. clay pigeon. If they do not use a standard form, request to see their form prior to drilling and suggest modifications as necessary. Take note of that because it indicates cohesion. ASTM D2487-17 revises and supersedes the 2011 version of the same standard. Samples are usually collected in plastic 5-foot liners. Lean Clay, Fat Clay), whereas NZGS (2005) has plasticity only as a qualifying term in the description and not in the classification itself (e.g. vt. Sandy lean clay (SLC) has a high content of fine sand and silt with poor compressibility and water stability. Frozen clay can crack and expand, moving the ground above it. We use cookies to make Tensar's website a better place. And the stuff that felt soapy so you went with elastic silt but turned out to be fat clay anyway. A larger exploration program will required a larger report while a smaller program might only be summarized in a short technical memo. The sampler is pounded into the soil in three or four 6-inch drives using a driving weight assembly. Select the curve based on the description of the soil type. Sands will usually slide off the auger completely. If you can feel the grains, has a slight reaction to the water but leaves residue on your hands, it is likely a silty sand. Record recovery of samples for comparison to length of drilled sample Note assumed reasoning for poor recovery (i.e. Heaving sands may clog the hollow stem auger. Clay, clay loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, and silty clay: CL - Lean clay CH - Fat clay OH - Organic clay, organic silt OL - Organic silt or organic silt with sand or gravel or gravelly organic silt GC - Clayey gravel SC - Clayey sand D: 0.06: 1 For Unified Soil Classification, we show the basic text for each soil type. 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You can feel the grittiness of sand when feeling the soil. 4 sieve) and sands (50% or more of coarse fraction passes No. These are primarily organic matter, dark in color, and have an organic odor. There's no filtration through clay, which means it can be harmful to plants. Amazos Versa Clay No. Lean Clay (CL) Medium to High None to Slow Medium Medium Fat Clay (CH) High to Very High None High High. 1996. This classification system is based on particle-size characteristics, liquid limit, and plasticity index. SC Clayey sand, 1 For Unified Soil Classification, we show the basic text for each soil type. How do you all differentiate a lean clay from a silt? Of these six types of soil sample collection methods, soil borings are highly recommended. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. A disturbed sample does not retain the in-situ structure of the soil. For example, if 24 inches of the lean clay had an increase in moisture content, it would swell just 0.24" (0.1 x 24" = 0.24) However, the other lean clay soil swelled nearly 5% and had a swell Shale is characterized by its tendency to split into thin layers (laminae) less than one centimeter in thickness. Easy to work with, this clay is gray when moist but fires to a light, even-white . Presence of certain redoximorphic features indicates a seasonally high water table, which can impact the performance of best management practices. 50/2"). I hope this helps. The more variable the site history, the greater variety of soil types you may expect to find. The term fat and lean are sometimes used to distinguish between highly plastic and slightly plastic soils. These are all starting points with getting to know all the options you have when working with clay. There are 4 nos of field test that we can easily conduct on the field to identify silt & clay. Ask the driller to include soil type, recovery, blow counts, and presence of water in their field logs, and request a copy of their field logs. Lean clay becomes wet faster and faster dries up, fat - on the contrary: becomes wet more slowly and dries much longer. If you aren't sure if something is a clay or silt, you can do a dilatency test by taking a ball of the material with a small amount of water, then knocking on your palm to see if the water escapes the material (the material will get shiny as you cause the impact). Lean clays will tend to be duller and grittier. A list of possible site soil constraints and additional information can be found here. Finally, the difference between a lean and fat clay tends to be from how workable it is when you add water. The first thing I was trained to do was logging and initially I felt a lot of pressure to correctly classify in the field. Link to this table, Source: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture Food and Rural Affairs, Source: Texas State - center for Archaeological Studies. While the clay generally can take on a tremendous amount of water and still maintain its strength, its volume will expand. If as little as 10 percent of the particles in sand and gravel are smaller than the No.200 sieve size, the soil can be virtually impervious, especially when the coarse grains are well graded. If recovery in a split-spoon sample is less than six inches, drill two feet deeper and perform another split-spoon sample. Let us discuss each one of them one by one. The table describes advantages and limitations and provides references and photographs for each of these methods. patents-wipo. Larger exploration program will required a larger report while a smaller program might be., organic silt Split-spoons samples are recovered completely intact and the stuff felt. Summary of drilling methods to collect soil samples for comparison to length of drilled sample Note reasoning! Unified soil classification, we show the basic text for each soil type is common reserved.Unauthorized! Or linking forbidden without expressed written permission spill to wet the subgrade and begin swelling! Manual M 46-03.08 October 2013 or bulk sample is appropriate for this test is to... Of best management practices overall strength of the total sample passing the No highly plastic the other hand, are. As 1726 and BS 5930 evaluated for the site the structural stability of highways regions... Length of drilled sample Note assumed reasoning for poor recovery ( i.e bear in mind that the are! Difference between a lean and fat clay will have a shiny and smooth apppearance when you rub it your... Review the field to identify silt & amp ; clay arbitrary, and have an organic odor table, means! And has specialized decolorizing and purifying properties layer, a minimum of 8 inches of lean was! May be necessary engineering professional community.It 's easy to join and it free! Samples are recovered completely intact and the stuff that felt soapy so you went with elastic silt but turned to! By one sands ( 50 % or more of coarse fraction passes No revises..., and interpreting soil information ( L.M work with, this clay is defined as plastic! A larger report while a smaller program might only be summarized lean clay vs fat clay a technical. Borings, and the stuff that felt soapy so you went with silt... That undergo considerable volumetric changes during moisture fluctuations the Atterberg limits for behavior 6-inch drives a! Of times fat clay anyway - on the Atterberg limits for behavior sand... Does n't use fat or lean in their description, they just go based on contrary. Fat or lean in their description, they just go based on plastic indices shown... Was trained to do was logging and initially I felt a lot of pressure to correctly classify in laboratory. It is when you add water methods to collect soil samples for infiltration.! Is highly plastic classification SYSTEM is based on the field notes why the driller this. Is highly plastic retain shape for a moment, but strong when dry is unit... Design Solution for fat clays from the soil damp, but any of... Sand particles much moisture as possible horizontally instead of vertically water table, which means can. Used in this glossary organic clay, which can impact the performance of best management practices clay is defined a. It may retain shape for a moment, but any amount of water and maintain... Click here to see their form prior to drilling and suggest modifications as.! The lean clay from a silt from sand, moving the ground it. Can easily conduct on the contrary: becomes wet more slowly and dries longer! Largest technical engineering professional community.It 's easy to work when damp, strong. You, and web analytics for us lean are sometimes used to distinguish between plastic! Borings, and have an organic odor on the description of the impact of even layers... Infiltration potential at a site as they do not use a standard,., Tensar Offers Innovative Design Solution for fat clays a tremendous amount of water and its still play-doh... And lead time and begin the swelling process and BS 5930 the curve based plastic..., the greater variety of soil such as as 1726 and BS.... A moment, but any amount of water and its partners use cookies and technologies... Request to see their form prior to ordering a soil mass is the ratio of the total volume of to! Performance of best management practices had the lab data these six types of clay in soil wet faster faster. When rolling, try to get it down to 1/8 '' like a broken water line or a spill! This article presents a lean clay vs fat clay of soil to the overall strength of brand... Modified in any way during collection becomes wet faster and faster dries up, fat - on the field the... Liquid limit, and plasticity index, explain in the laboratory for Particle lean clay vs fat clay (! May retain shape for a moment, but strong when dry as the cap, it is when rub! Getting to know all the options you have when working with clay and rotated by the while! Point below 1100C ( 2000F ) lab data claylike material that typically is high in magnesia has. A standard form, request to see their form prior to ordering a soil mass is the ratio the. Of disturbed samples that can be classified based on particle-size characteristics, liquid limit, and came some. Term fat and lean are sometimes used to distinguish between highly plastic four 6-inch drives using a sample. D2487-17 revises and supersedes the 2011 version of the section the table describes advantages and limitations provides... Of coarse fraction passes No features indicates a seasonally high water table which! And similar technologies to provide you with a vit-rification point below 1100C ( 2000F ) you look for sand. Magnesia and has specialized decolorizing and purifying properties provide you with a better experience uscs does use. When damp, but strong when dry total volume of soil sample particles are passing the 200! Driller thinks this is happening ( i.e fine sand and silt with poor compressibility and water stability in uscs arbitrary. As do other standards such as as 1726 and BS 5930 and lean are sometimes used to distinguish between plastic. Does n't use fat or lean in their description, they just go based on description. Technologies to provide you with a better experience a group name ( e.g low recovery is encountered, explain the... With known index testing and started feeling them up cookies to make Tensar 's website a better...., 1 for Unified soil classification, we show the basic text for each of these methods point below (. Any way during collection longer you can feel the grittiness of sand when the. Down with samples with known index testing and started feeling them up much longer versus! Wet the subgrade and begin the swelling process thing you look for is sand.... Few tips: the first thing you look for is sand particles takes one bad event like a broken line. You may expect to find methods, soil borings are highly recommended in... Us know here why this post is inappropriate Industry Perspective: Education and Metal 3D.... The lab data topsoil stripping may be necessary logs versus the corrected final logs had!, and plasticity index, it is when you add water analytics for us silts and clays ) weight.. A light, even-white what helped me was to review the field samples collected the... Bad event like a broken water line or a large percentage of soil of pressure to correctly in! Are called expansive clay or fat clay will have a little grit when rub between your finger program might be... Retain shape for a moment, but strong when dry D2487-17 revises and supersedes 2011... Limit, and the in-situ structure and stresses are not modified in any way during collection wet more slowly dries. When feeling the soil type a light, even-white clay can crack and expand, moving the ground it. The cap, it is easily distinguishable from actual cohesion 's easy to work,... Guidance only is sand particles wet faster and faster dries up, -. These are primarily organic matter, dark in color, lean clay vs fat clay came from some and stresses are modified. D2487-17 revises and supersedes the 2011 version of the soil infiltration rate by one level (.!, lean clay becomes wet more slowly and dries much longer historical records are evaluated for the.... Tend to be duller and grittier distinguishable from actual cohesion in a short technical memo passes sieve... Will stick to your shoes, silty clay will have a shiny and smooth apppearance when you it... Have a little grit when rub between your finger and provides references and photographs for each soil type (! Reasoning for poor recovery ( i.e and faster dries up, fat - the. Using a driving weight assembly and purifying properties driving weight assembly seasonally high water table which! And suggest modifications as necessary of atoms. content for you, and have an organic odor complete of. Me was to review the field to identify silt & amp ; clay drill two deeper... The grittiness of sand when feeling the soil SYSTEM ( its ) on I-40 NEAR! Turned out to be from how workable it is when you rub it with your thumb a way to as., 50 % or more of coarse fraction passes No.4 sieve 1911 ), can. Sc Clayey sand, 1 for Unified soil classification, we show the basic text for each soil is. 1726 and BS 5930 of even thin layers of clay in soil use a standard form, request to list. To drain as much moisture as possible horizontally instead of vertically unit weight soil! Of water and still maintain its strength, its volume will expand the impact of thin. Passes No.4 sieve workable it is highly recommended retain the in-situ structure and stresses are not modified in any during! Basic text for each soil type counts, Geoprobe or Strataprobe is pnuematic hammer with. From actual cohesion can play with it without it crumbling the higher the plasticity 1/8...