(TEMPORARY TRANSITION PROVISION for Sec. (Added Nov. 2, 1948; Subsecs. ). The Legislature shall provide for transfer of title to properties to the district. Amended Aug. 11, 1891, Nov. 4, 1958, and Nov. 6, 2001.) (b) Each county shall, in the manner provided for justice of the peace and constable precincts, be divided into four commissioners precincts in each of which there shall be elected by the qualified voters thereof one County Commissioner, who shall hold his office for four years and until his successor shall be elected and qualified. LEGAL CHALLENGES TO CONSTITUTIONALITY OF STATE STATUTES. The court upheld Georgia's refusal to enforce the South Carolina judgment. 2. Sec. The first ten amendments to the Constitution became known as the Bill of Rights. The state legislature can propose amendments to the constitution. Provided, that the decision of said courts shall be conclusive on all questions of fact brought before them on appeal or error. Article 4 of the Texas Constitution describes the executive department (branch) of Texas. This latter provision was designed to give Eastern states that still had claims to Western lands (e.g., Virginia and North Carolina) to have a veto over whether their western counties (which eventually became Kentucky and Tennessee) could become states. This article makes a personal income tax unlikely in Texas because: registered voters in the state must approve a personal income tax. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 created the mechanism for recovering a fugitive slave, overruled any state laws giving sanctuary, made it a federal crime to assist an escaped slave, and allowed slave-catchers into every U.S. state and territory. 2. The Court of Criminal Appeals may appoint Commissioners in aid of the Court of Criminal Appeals as provided by law. The Legislature shall have power by General or Special Laws to make such provisions concerning the terms or sessions of each District Court as it may deem necessary. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. However, the accused may prevent extradition by offering clear evidence that he was not in the state he allegedly fled from at the time of the crime. (e) The Legislature shall authorize the purchase or acquisition by the Authority of any existing airport facility publicly owned and financed and served by certificated airlines, in fee or of any interest therein, or to enter into any lease agreement therefor, upon such terms and conditions as may be mutually agreeable to the Authority and the owner of such facilities, or authorize the acquisition of same through the exercise of the power of eminent domain. While the Supreme Court's holding in Luther v. Borden still holds today, the Court, by looking to the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (adopted 19 years after Luther v. Borden was decided), has developed new criteria for determining which questions are political in nature and which are justiciable. County court judges shall have the power to issue writs necessary to enforce their jurisdiction. (Feb. 15, 1876. The maximum rate of tax may be changed at subsequent elections so long as obligations are not impaired, and not to exceed the maximum limit of Seventy-five Cents (75) per One Hundred Dollars ($100.00) valuation, and no election shall be required by subsequent changes in the boundaries of the City of Amarillo. The Court shall hold the regular terms at the County Seat of each County in the Court's district in such manner as may be prescribed by law. A Justice, Judge, Master, or Magistrate may appeal a decision of the review tribunal to the Supreme Court under the substantial evidence rule. Its orders for the attendance or testimony of witnesses or for the production of documents at any hearing or investigation shall be enforceable by contempt proceedings in the District Court or by a Master. The Judges of all Courts of county-wide jurisdiction heretofore or hereafter created by the Legislature of this State, and all Criminal District Attorneys now or hereafter authorized by the laws of this State, shall be elected for a term of four years, and shall serve until their successors have qualified. Article 4 of the Texas Constitution describes the executive department (branch) of Texas. In a series of opinions by the Supreme Court of the United States, referred to as the Insular Cases, the Court ruled that the territories belonged to, but were not part of the United States. Amended Aug. 11, 1891, Nov. 8, 1949, Nov. 5, 1985, and Nov. 2, 2021.) (h) added Nov. 5, 2002.) The Legislature may confer original jurisdiction on the Supreme Court to issue writs of quo warranto and mandamus in such cases as may be specified, except as against the Governor of the State. 9: See Appendix, Note 1.). Thus the Congress, utilizing the discretion allowed by the framers, adopted a policy of equal status for all newly admitted states. 29. COURT ADMINISTRATION AND RULE-MAKING AUTHORITY. (2) No part of any existing county shall be detached from it and attached to another existing county until the proposition for such change shall have been submitted, in such manner as may be provided by law, to a vote of the voters of both counties, and shall have received a majority of those voting on the question in each. The union between Texas and the other States was as complete, as perpetual, and as indissoluble as the union between the original States. Except as provided by this section, in each such precinct there shall be elected one Justice of the Peace and one Constable, each of whom shall hold his office for four years and until his successor shall be elected and qualified; provided that in a county with a population of less than 150,000, according to the most recent federal census, in any precinct in which there may be a city of 18,000 or more inhabitants, there shall be elected two Justices of the Peace, and in a county with a population of 150,000 or more, according to the most recent federal census, each precinct may contain more than one Justice of the Peace Court. A majority of such voters, however, voting at such election, may remove a county seat from a point more than five miles from the geographical centre of the county to a point within five miles of such centre, in either case the centre to be determined by a certificate from the Commissioner of the General Land Office. The maximum tax rate submitted shall be sufficient to discharge such obligations, liabilities, and responsibilities, and to maintain and operate the hospital system, and the Legislature may authorize the district to issue tax bonds for the purpose of the purchase, construction, acquisition, repair or renovation of improvements and initially equipping the same, and such bonds shall be payable from said Seventy-five Cents (75) tax. If any city or owner has outstanding revenue bonds where the revenues of the airport have been pledged or said bonds constitute a lien against the airport facilities, the Authority shall assume and discharge all the obligations of the city under the ordinances and bond indentures under which said revenue bonds have been issued and sold. The Justices shall have the qualifications prescribed for Justices of the Supreme Court. Therefore, under the Territorial clause, Congress had the power to determine which parts of the Constitution applied to the territories. Although federal property can be found in every state, the largest concentrations are in the west, where, for example, the federal government owns over eighty percent of the land within Nevada. (a) The legislature shall prescribe by law the qualifications of grand jurors and petit jurors. SHERIFFS. However, the Commission may issue a public statement through its executive director or its Chairman at any time during any of its proceedings under this Section when sources other than the Commission cause notoriety concerning a Judge or the Commission itself and the Commission determines that the best interests of a Judge or of the public will be served by issuing the statement. (g) Any such Authority when created may be granted the power and authority to promulgate, adopt and enforce appropriate zoning regulations to protect the airport from hazards and obstructions which would interfere with the use of the airport and its facilities for landing and take-off. The Legislature shall pass laws regulating the manner of removing county seats, but no county seat situated within five miles of the geographical centre of the county shall be removed, except by a vote of two-thirds of all the voters voting on the subject. (Added Nov. 5, 1985; Subsec. If the district hereinabove authorized is finally created, no other hospital district may be created embracing any part of the territory within its boundaries, but the Legislature by law may authorize the creation of a hospital district incorporating therein the remainder of Jefferson County, having the powers and duties and with the limitations presently provided by Article IX, Section 4, of the Constitution of Texas. The maximum rate of tax may be changed at subsequent elections so long as obligations are not impaired, and not to exceed the maximum limit of seventy-five cents (75) per One Hundred Dollar ($100) valuation, and no election shall be required by subsequent changes in the boundaries of the Commissioners Precinct No. 1. Texas State Library and Archives Commission.The 1870s: The Constitutional Convention of 1875, Revision and Adaptation. The Full Faith and Credit Clause requires states . 17. Sec. Sec. (TEMPORARY TRANSITION PROVISION for Sec. (7) The Commission shall keep itself informed as fully as may be of circumstances relating to the misconduct or disability of particular persons holding an office named in Paragraph A of Subsection (6) of this Section, receive complaints or reports, formal or informal, from any source in this behalf and make such preliminary investigations as it may determine. Amended Nov. 5, 1985, and Nov. 6, 2001.) The rights of an incumbent so retired to retirement benefits shall be the same as if his retirement had been voluntary. 13: See Appendix, Note 3.). Since the 1987 case of Puerto Rico v. Branstad, federal courts may also use the Extradition Clause to require the extradition of fugitives. (c) Said Justices shall be elected (three of them each two years) by the qualified voters of the state at a general election; shall hold their offices six years; and shall each receive such compensation as shall be provided by law. The first three articles establish the three branches of government and their powers: Legislative (Congress), Executive (office of the President,) and Judicial (Federal court system). (TEMPORARY TRANSITION PROVISION for Sec. (Feb. 15, 1876. What were the goals of the authors of the present Texas Constitution? 29: See Appendix, Note 3.). SUPREME COURT; JUSTICES. It also empowers Congress to admit new states and administer the territories and other federal lands . All the obligations of perpetual union, and all the guaranties of republican government in the Union, attached at once to the State. "The Rule of Law and the States: A New Interpretation of the Guarantee Clause. The Full Faith and Credit Clause requires states to extend "full faith and credit" to the public acts, records and court proceedings of other states. Service on the tribunal shall be considered part of the official duties of a judge, and no additional compensation may be paid for such service. (a) The Judicial Districts Board is created to reapportion the judicial districts authorized by Article V, Section 7, of this constitution. (a) The supreme court and the court of criminal appeals have jurisdiction to answer questions of state law certified from a federal appellate court. There are, however, several places within it where the principles behind the concept are articulated. 5. Sec. 8, Art. ), (TEMPORARY TRANSITION PROVISIONS for Sec. Amended Nov. 6, 2001, and Sept. 13, 2003.) Sec. Fort Worth Star-Telegram. 5: See Appendix, Note 1. CREATION AND FUNDING OF HOSPITAL DISTRICT IN COUNTY COMMISSIONERS PRECINCT NO. (6) A. License: CC BY: Attribution. Understand the Constitution of 1876s role in Texas, Legislative sessions moved from annual to biennial sessions, State Judges would be elected by the people, The people would vote on the ratification of amendments, The structure of the current constitution of Texas (Constitution of 1876) is a Preamble, 17 Articles, and 491 Amendments (Since 2015), The project includes digitized images and searchable text versions of. 10, "Hence it is that such democracies have ever been spectacles of turbulence and contention; have ever been found incompatible with personal security or the rights of property; and have in general been as short in their lives as they have been violent in their deaths.". 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