Twenty-seven percent of respondents report that they attend religious services (apart from weddings and funerals) once a week or more than once a week. View Reports-/5-RATE QUIZ. Additionally, a narrow focus on demographics such as income, wealth, education, and professional success can obscure important (and sometimes uncomfortable) social truths. According to data from the 2018 American Community Survey (ACS)which is conducted by the U.S. Census Bureauthere are 4.2 million people of Indian origin residing in the United States. This chapter examines the immigration of South Asian and Indian populations to the United States between 1820 and 2015. In fiscal year 2019, about 800,000 immigrants applied for naturalization. . Of this latter group, the overwhelming majority83 percentcategorize themselves as General or upper caste. A very small proportion, just 5 percent, state that they feel neither Indian nor American. For instance, 27 percent of Hindu respondents who identify with a caste report that all or most of their Indian friends share their caste affiliation. 56 To find details on the Economist-YouGov collaboration or to compare some of the IAAS findings on Indian Americans with the American population more generally, visit https://today.yougov.com/topics/economist/survey-results. A majority of Hindus (52 percent) report attending religious services once or twice a month or just a few times a year, while another 25 percent report seldom or never attending religious services. 42 Shanto Iyengar, Gaurav Sood, and Yphtach Lelkes, Affect, Not Ideology: A Social Identity Perspective on Polarization, Public Opinion Quarterly 76, no. Jonathan Kay is a James C. Gaither junior fellow in the South Asia Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. The data described below unambiguously reveal a high degree of polarization, although its structure is asymmetric. In terms of attending religious services, there is also significant variation within the Indian American community. Vietnamese Americans are the largest Asian origin group by population in four states (Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma and Nebraska); Hmong Americans are the largest in Minnesota and Wisconsin; and Korean Americans are the largest in Alabama. Apart from attending religious services, the survey asks respondents how frequently they pray (outside of the times they attend religious services). Send a Message. Reported discrimination based on country of origin and caste is roughly similar for both groups (around 1516 and 56 percent, respectively). These views, in turn, are further affected both by selection effects (who emigrates) and political dynamics in the country of settlement. Minnesota has proportionally fewer immigrants compared to the nation as a whole, but we have long been a state shaped by immigration. By 2017, that number had declined by 1.7 million, or 14%. From 2010 to 2019, the number of undocumented immigrants in the state fell from 2.9 million to 2.3 million. After all, for more than two decades, the Indian diaspora in the United States has been a critical bridge-builder between the two countries.52 But with divisions in the community more apparent and increasingly linked to political disputes in India, we have suggested elsewhere that the diasporas unity of purpose could suffer a setback.53. Muslims and Christians are significantly more likely than Hindus to say that religion is very important to thema gap of nearly 30 percentage points. This section reviews some basic characteristics of the social networks of Indian Americans. 50 Surinder S. Jodhka and Ghanshyam Shah, Comparative Contexts of Discrimination: Caste and Untouchability in South Asia, Economic and Political Weekly 45, no. Media reports about caste discrimination in the technology hub of Silicon Valleywhere a large number of Indian Americans are employedand a heated controversy over whether caste should be a part of history textbooks in the state of California have brought the issue to the forefront once more.28 A 2018 survey of 1,500 South Asian Americans found that many low-caste members of numerous diaspora communities had endured firsthand experience of caste discrimination. An additional 7.6 million immigrant workers are unauthorized immigrants, less than the total of the previous year and notably less than in 2007, when they were 8.2 million. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. 6 Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2015-January 2018, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, January 2021, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/Pop_Estimate/UnauthImmigrant/unauthorized_immigrant_population_estimates_2015_-_2018.pdf. Give Orange. Eleven percent finished high school elsewhere, while only 8 percent had less than a high school education. 29 Maari Zwick-Maitreyi, Thenmozhi Soundararajan, Natasha Dar, Ralph F. Bheel, and Prathap Balakrishnan, Caste in the United States: A Survey of Caste Among South Asian Americans (Equality Labs, 2018). However, todays immigrant share remains below the record 14.8% share in 1890, when 9.2 million immigrants lived in the U.S. Unsurprisingly, just 4 percent of non-citizens participated in this activity, while 8 percent of foreign-born citizens and 14 percent of U.S.-born citizens reported working on a campaign. Today, there are more apprehensions of non-Mexicans than Mexicans at the border. More than 1 million immigrants arrive in the U.S. each year. Check your email for details on your request. What are the demographic characteristics of Indian Americans? Once more, U.S.-born citizens lead the pack with 22 percent of them reporting participation in this activity. Some 42% of immigrants in the U.S. speak Spanish at home. 13Sumitra Badrinathan, Devesh Kapur, and Milan Vaishnav, How Do Indian Americans View India? Comments. Responses are divided neatly into thirds when it comes to who is doing the discriminating: Indians, non-Indians, and people of both categories are almost equally to blame.49. Hover over a state to view the total number of immigrants and their top region of birth. Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, October 14, 2020, https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/10/14/how-will-indian-americans-vote-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-82929. Each year, more than 1 million immigrants enter the country. The key takeaway is that Republicans are more comfortable having close friends who are Democrats than the converse (see figure 23). Between 1990 and 2000, the number of foreign born from India in the United States more than doubled. Overall, the Obama administration deported about 3 million immigrants between 2009 and 2016, a significantly higher number than the 2 million immigrants deported by the Bush administration between 2001 and 2008. 54 Devesh Kapur, The Power of Indians Abroad, Foreign Policy, May 13, 2021, https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/13/the-power-of-indians-abroad/. Around 337,000 immigrants were deported from the U.S. in fiscal 2018, up since 2017. Rounding out the list are caste (35 percent), economic policy (29 percent), and language (24 percent). Data from the Center for Migration Studies shows that 78% of immigrants in California were either naturalized or had some other legal status (including green cards and visas), and about 22% were undocumented as of 2019. Pew Research Center estimates indicate that in 2065, those who identify as Asian will make up some 38% of all immigrants; as Hispanic, 31%; White, 20%; and Black, 9%. About two-thirds of Americans (66%) say immigrants strengthen the country because of their hard work and talents, while about a quarter (24%) say immigrants burden the country by taking jobs, housing and health care. Eight out of ten respondents say they have a spouse or partner of Indian origin (ranging from 85 percent of foreign-born respondents to 71 percent of U.S.-born respondents). He is the author of When Crime Pays: Money and Muscle in Indian Politics and hosts a weekly Carnegie podcast on Indian politics and policy, Grand Tamasha. However, there is marked variation by place of birth. However, Mexican lawful immigrants have the lowest naturalization rate overall. A small minority of non-citizen respondents6 percentclaim some other visa status. For instance, the category Other Backward Classes (OBC) is common among Muslims, while Scheduled Castes or Dalits can also be found in Buddhist, Sikh, Christian, and Muslim communities. This could be the result of circumstance and context, or it could be the product of social distancethe relative distance that one feels toward members of an out-group (religious, ethnic, partisan, and so on) relative to members of ones own in-group. Then, click on a state to get the top 15 origin countries of immigrants residing in that state. Two percent of respondents identify as Other, indicating that none of the declared options satisfy them, while just 1 percent identify as Non-resident Indian, the official appellation used by the Government of India to refer to Indian passport holders living outside of India. Twenty-six percent of U.S.-born citizens report taking part in voluntary service compared to 18 percent of foreign-born citizens and 14 percent of non-citizens. 39 This finding holds even if we use a binary measure of Indian American concentration, using a cut-off of two percent of a countrys population; drop outlier counties with unusually high concentrations of Indian Americans; control for the total number of households in a county; and control for a respondents place of birth. Roughly one-fifth lived in the Northeast (21%) and 11% were in the Midwest. New immigrant arrivals have fallen, mainly due to a decrease in the number of unauthorized immigrants coming to the U.S. 40 Interestingly, the Indian-origin composition of social networks does not vary significantly by respondents age. according to a 2015 Pew Research Center survey, Texas, Washington, New York and California, California (24%), Texas (11%) and Florida (10%), 7.6 million immigrant workers are unauthorized immigrants, drive future growth in the U.S. working-age population, Spanish is the most commonly spoken language, more apprehensions of non-Mexicans than Mexicans, Key facts about U.S. immigration policies and Bidens proposed changes, Most Latinos say U.S. immigration system needs big changes, 60% of Americans Would Be Uncomfortable With Provider Relying on AI in Their Own Health Care, The changing face of Congress in 8 charts. Although a large proportion are not U.S. citizens (38 percent), roughly 2.6 million are (1.4 million are naturalized citizens and 1.2 million were born in the United States). The smaller the size of a given group, the fewer opportunities individuals have of meeting someone from their same group. QUIZ LAB SUBMISSION This quiz has . The overall margin of error for the IAAS is +/- 2.8 percent. Hindus who recently arrived in the United States are just as likely to identify with a caste group as those who have been here for a quarter-century or more.31. Do religious differences and partisan politics exacerbate social distance between members of the Indian American community? Overall, 41 percent of respondents rate it as very important and another 37 percent rate it as somewhat important. Respondents are classified as belonging to one of three categories: U.S.-born citizen, foreign-born citizen, and non-citizen. For 32 states, the most common country of birth among respondents who said they were born outside the US was Mexico. Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, February 9, 2021, https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/02/09/how-do-indian-americans-view-india-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-83800. This study relied on a nonrepresentative snowball sampling method to recruit respondents. Since 1975, Koreans have ranked among the top 5 groups of . Report this user for behavior that violates our Community Guidelines. Follow. 9 Nicole Hong and Jonah E. Bromwich, Asian-Americans Are Being Attacked. Follow. From 2001 to 2018, a majority (60%) of immigrants deported have not been convicted of a crime. For complete survey topline results, please visit Appendix B online. When it comes to discussing politics with family and friends, there are only small differences across citizenship status. Sixteen percent of Indian Americans report being discriminated against by virtue of their Indian heritage. Respondents for this survey were recruited from an existing panel administered by YouGov. Four percent have completed at least a junior college (two-year program) education, while 9 percent have completed some college. From 2009 to 2020, immigrants of Asian descent outnumbered those of Hispanic descent in terms of race and ethnicity. This section explores how Indian Americans view the subject of their own identity. Overall, 19 percent of respondents report having a spouse who is not of Indian origin, but this is slightly more common among men (22 percent) than women (16 percent). Immigrants today account for 13.7% of the U.S. population, nearly triple the share (4.8%) in 1970. The ordering in table 2 roughly corresponds with the map shown below. Find the US States - No Outlines Minefield 4 Find the Countries of Europe - No Outlines Minefield Geography. Religious affiliation too correlates with ones feelings toward their Indian identity. One should treat these findings with caution. Today, Indian Americans are a mosaic of recent arrivals and long-term residents. Other regions make up smaller shares: Europe, Canada and other North America (13%), the Caribbean (10%), Central America (8%), South America (7%), the Middle East and North Africa (4%) and sub-Saharan Africa (5%). Just 27 percent say they are very comfortable having Republican friendshalf the number of Republicans who feel that way toward Democrats. The top five languages spoken at home among immigrants outside of Spanish are English only (17%), followed by Chinese (6%), Hindi (5%), Filipino/Tagalog (4%) and French (3%). Eighteen percent of non-citizens reside in the United States on an H-4 visa, a category for immediate family members of H-1B visa holders. The share of Indian Americans who pray either several times a day or once a day is slightly below the U.S. average (46 percent according to Pew survey data).26 Another 20 percent of Indian Americans report taking part in prayer a few times a week or once a week, while 11 percent pray at least a few times a month. Interestingly, while three-fourths of respondents identify with an Indian nomenclature, this masks exactly how that term is used. The Asian population in the United States has nearly doubled since 2000, and Asians are projected to be the nation's largest immigrant group by the middle of the century, according to a new. Sign up to receive emails from Carnegies South Asia Program! What are the social realities and lived experiences of Indian Americans? This paper argues that while there is much that binds the community, there are also nascent signs that these common bonds are being tested as religious cleavages, generational divides, and political polarization invite fragmentation. While this does not necessarily mean that two-thirds of Indian Americans are disconnected from their community, it does suggest that formal participation is somewhat limited. Although Indian American is a contested category, the survey attempts to understand how respondents perceive the push and pull between different aspects of their identity. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. One of the questions asks respondents what their country of birth is. Tuesday, May 20, 2014 . While immigration has been at the forefront of a national political debate, the U.S. public holds a range of views about immigrants living in the country. To what degree do Indian Americans engage with American politics, their civic community, and Indian culture? To produce the final data set, respondents were matched to a sampling frame on gender, age, and education. Immigrants from Mexico have the lowest rates of English proficiency (34%), followed by those from Central America (35%), East and Southeast Asia (50%) and South America (56%). She holds a PhD in political science from the University of Pennsylvania. Read our research on: Congress | Economy | Black Americans. The remainder of the sample hails from a range of countries stretching from the United Kingdom to Trinidad & Tobago and Kenya. The top 15 states also include several with large immigrant populations, such as Florida, Washington, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, where the foreign-born population grew faster than in the country overall. These are not merely academic questions. Religious differences, in particular, have emerged as a salient divide both in India and among members of the diaspora. Given the relatively small share of Christians in the Indian American community, this suggests that Christmas is celebrated more on cultural than religious grounds. The English are the largest ethnic group among the 3.9 million people counted, though nearly one in five Americans are of African heritage. In all, 52 percent of Indians in America completed their education in the United States. The brightness of a country corresponds to its total migration to the U.S. at the given time. The survey asks respondents whether they believe other minorities experience a greater degree of discrimination relative to Indian Americans (see figure 25). But members of this group exhibit significant variation in terms of their visa status (see figure 1). Forty percent of Hindus say they pray once or several times a daysubstantially less than the 58 percent of Muslims or 66 percent of Christians who answer similarly. What is the largest immigrant group in America? Interestingly, respondents born in the United States report twice as much discrimination along gender and religious lines than those born outside of the United States. Seventy-seven percent of foreign-born Indian Americans fall into this category, compared to just 40 percent of U.S.-born Indian Americans. The tool also displays the share that all immigrants comprise of the state's total population. Among Republicans and Republican-leaning independents, 41% say immigrants strengthen the country, while 44% say they burden it. However, immigrants were just as likely as the U.S. born to have a bachelors degree or more (32% and 33%, respectively). The immigrant population in the United States is extraordinarily diverse, with immigrants hailing from almost every nation. In a complex, changing, and increasingly contested world, the Carnegie Endowment generates strategic ideas and independent analysis, supports diplomacy, and trains the next generation of international scholar-practitioners to help countries and institutions take on the most difficult global problems and safeguard peace. By clicking Sign up, you agree to receive marketing emails from Insider The percentage of the population born outside the US varies widely from state to state. Followed by Cushite-Beja-Somali, Hmong, and Vietnamese. Immigrants from Mexico and Central America are less likely to be high school graduates than the U.S. born (54% and 47%, respectively, do not have a high school diploma, vs. 8% of U.S. born). On the matter of campaign finance, one-fifth of U.S.-born citizens report contributing to a political campaign, while just 13 percent of foreign citizens and 5 percent of non-citizens said they did so. Foreign-born population by . The largest immigrant group in the United States is the: Italians French Germans Irish Germans The second largest immigrant group to settle in this country is the: Italians French Germans Irish Italians By the time Greek people emigrated to this country, the demand for labor had decreased. The U.S. foreign-born population reached a record 44.8 million in 2018. Finally, the survey examines the identity of the person(s) responsible for engaging in discriminatory behavior. The previous section demonstrated that, for many Indian Americans, shared religious affiliation is the most important characteristic of respondents social networks. 2 (2016): 283301. the United States issues immigration visas to 2 . Lawful immigrants made up the majority of the immigrant workforce, at 21.2 million. Therefore, the sample size from which these percentages is derived is smalljust one-half of the overall IAAS sample. Figure 21 looks more closely at the caste composition of social networks among Hindus. 17 This compares with 60 percent as per data from the 2018 ACS. Another 6 percent were born in either Bangladesh or Pakistan. Sixty-four percent of respondents call a single state their home state, while 12 percent identify with multiple home states. Another 4 percent were born in the United States to parents also born in the United States. Immigrants from Canada (96%), Oceania (82%), Europe (75%) and sub-Saharan Africa (74%) have the highest rates of English proficiency. The remaining 23 percent of the sample consists of immigrants residing in the United States who do not hold U.S. citizenship. Respondents who support neither the BJP nor the Congresslisted as Otherappear more favorably inclined toward the Congress. Irish immigration. 7 The term Dalit refers to individuals who occupy the lowermost rungs of the traditional Hindu caste hierarchy. In 2018, the top country of origin for new immigrants coming into the U.S. was China, with 149,000 people, followed by India (129,000), Mexico (120,000) and the Philippines (46,000). Today, Indian Americans are a mosaic of recent arrivals and long-term residents. Forty-two percent of respondents who are not Indian citizens have taken advantage of the program.18. How do Indian Americans perceive their own ethnic identity and how much emphasis do they place on their Indian-ness? The matched cases were weighted to the sampling frames using propensity scores. The survey also queries respondents about whether they participated, over the past twelve months, in any of five political activities: volunteering or working on a political campaign; posting comments online about politics; discussing politics with friends and family; contributing money to a candidate, party, or campaign organization; or contacting their elected representative or another government official. 2) Population estimates for stateswith an immigrant population under 2,000 persons are not provided due to insufficient sample size. Business Insider/Andy Kiersz, data from US Census Bureau, NOW WATCH: Here's how the map of the United States has changed in 200 years. 18 An additional 5 percent of respondents report not having an OCI card or being unsure of their OCI status. They alone account for 4.6% of the civilian labor force, a dip from their peak of 5.4% in 2007. However, Hindus and Muslims exhibit less comfort when it comes to having close friends of the opposite faith. And, finally, 5 percent of all respondents report having encountered discrimination due to their caste identity. More than half a century after the passage of the historic 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act, which allowed for a new wave of Indian migration to the United States, the Indian American community has come of age. Top editors give you the stories you want delivered right to your inbox each weekday. Seventy percent state that they strongly or somewhat agree with the statement. The major findings are briefly summarized below. Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, Russias Growing Footprint in Africas Sahel Region, The Method Behind Putins New START Madness, Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/03/04/remarks-by-president-biden-in-a-call-to-congratulate-the-nasa-jpl-perseverance-team-on-the-successful-mars-landing/, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qCf6RE2L2FpvA6mny2Y_Xtof_zdJpFdC/view, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/Pop_Estimate/UnauthImmigrant/unauthorized_immigrant_population_estimates_2015_-_2018.pdf, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-03-11/how-big-tech-is-importing-india-s-caste-legacy-to-silicon-valley?sref=QmOxnLFz, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/07/13/new-lawsuit-shines-light-caste-discrimination-us-around-world/, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/14/opinion/caste-cisco-indian-americans-discrimination.html, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/18/nyregion/asian-hate-crimes.html, https://time.com/5800209/asian-american-census/, https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/10/14/how-will-indian-americans-vote-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-82929, https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/02/09/how-do-indian-americans-view-india-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-83800, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indian-immigrants-united-states-2019, https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf, https://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/07/20/the-global-god-divide/, https://www.pewforum.org/2021/01/14/measuring-religion-in-pew-research-centers-american-trends-panel/, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/06/us/debate-erupts-over-californias-india-history-curriculum.html, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02697381/document, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/12/14/key-findings-about-voter-engagement-in-the-2020-election/, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/17/which-party-is-more-to-blame-for-political-polarization-it-depends-on-the-measure/, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/03/18/majorities-of-americans-see-at-least-some-discrimination-against-black-hispanic-and-asian-people-in-the-u-s/, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/04/22/hank-azaria-apologized-playing-apu-i-accept-i-appreciate-it/, https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/on-india-a-fracture-in-the-diaspora-101612878777662.html, https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/13/the-power-of-indians-abroad/, https://www.pewresearch.org/methods/2016/05/02/evaluating-online-nonprobability-surveys/, https://today.yougov.com/topics/finance/articles-reports/2016/05/13/pew-research-yougov, https://today.yougov.com/topics/economist/survey-results, http://www.asasrms.org/Proceedings/y2009/Files/303309.pdf. 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Is that Republicans are more apprehensions of non-Mexicans than Mexicans at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace February. Of race and ethnicity they pray ( outside of the diaspora to 2018 a! Immigrants enter the country voluntary service compared to the United States is extraordinarily diverse with... Being unsure of their own identity frame on gender, age, and education delivered... State 's total population the largest immigrant groups by state less than a high school education sample of! Frame on gender, age, and Milan Vaishnav, how do Indian Americans shared. Is derived is smalljust one-half of the social networks among Hindus Republicans and Republican-leaning,... 5.4 % in 2007 2001 to 2018, a dip from their peak of 5.4 % in.... 13.7 % of the civilian labor force, a category for immediate family members largest immigrant groups by state the (. 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